UTIs & Infection
What is the renal disorder that involves inflammation of the bladder wall caused by ascending bacteria?
acute cystitis
The three classifications of AKI.
pre-renal, intra-renal, and post-renal
define chronic kidney disease
It is the progressive loss of renal function over months or years.
What is hyperkalaemia?
Life-threatening elevation of potassium in CKD
What drug class blocks Na-K-2Cl in the thick ascending loop?
loop diuretic
This infection causes flank pain, fever and CVA tenderness.
acute pyelonephritis
intra-renal AKI
It is the accumulation of nitrogenous wastes in blood.
azotaemia
Metabolic acidosis in CKD occurs due to decreased elimination of this ion.
hydrogen ion (H⁺)
What is the drug class of Hydrochlorothiazide?
thiazide diuretic
It is the mechanism that normally protects against UTI by washing bacteria out.
micturition
Urinary obstruction from prostatic hypertrophy causes this type of AKI.
post-renal AKI
It refers to the systemic symptoms from toxin accumulation in CKD.
Low calcium in CKD occurs because the kidneys fail to activate this vitamin
vitamin D
Spironolactone works by blocking this hormone.
aldosterone
This condition can lead to chronic scarring of the kidney due to recurrent infection.
chronic pyelonephritis
A type of AKI caused by decreased renal blood flow.
pre-renal AKI
It is hormone reduced in CKD causing anaemia.
erythropoietin
Excess phosphate binds calcium leading to these deposits.
insoluble calcifications
A common electrolyte imbalance caused by loop and thiazide diuretics
hypokalaemia
Urinary obstruction and vesicoureteral reflux increase risk for this infection.
acute pyelonephritis
What is the maintenance phase of AKI?
This phase of AKI shows rising BUN and creatinine with persistent oliguria.
Impaired activation of this vitamin leads to renal osteodystrophy.
vitamin D
This cardiovascular effect occurs due to sodium and fluid retention in CKD.
hypertension
Most potent class of diuretics.
loop diuretics