Physiology
Na+ is reabsorbed through ENaC in this segment.
What is the collecting tubule?
This class causes alkalization of the urine, therefore decreasing body pH
What are carbonic anhydrase inhibitors?
1st line agents for antihypertensive therapy in diabetes, CKD, and HF
ACE-I and ARBs
This drug class can cause gingival hyperplasia
DHP CCB
Stage 1 HTN is characterized by
130-139/80-89
What is the DCT?
This class of drugs are used in central diabetes insipidus
What are ADH agonists (vasopressin and desmopressin)?
These agents reduce mortality in HFrEF and after MI
Beta blockers
What is the goal of treatment for a hypertensive emergency with end organ damage vs treatment for hypertensive emergency without end organ damage?
lower BP quickly and safely without ischemic complications vs BP reduced gradually
"Lacunar Strokes" are also known as
micro infarctions in the brain
This segment is impermeable to water
What is the TAL?
Take caution using this drug in even mild renal impairment
What is mannitol?
These agents can be used in HTN, angina, and Raynaud phenomenon
DHP CCBs (amlodipine and nifedipine)
this is the drug of choice in resistant HTN
spironolactone
With chronically elevated blood pressure, what are the effects on the heart?
increased cardiac demand, increased energy needed to pump, diastolic dysfunction, increased energy needed from LV, LV hypertrophy
Ca2+ is actively reabsorbed in the DCT which is regulated by this.
What is PTH?
this class can cause a sulfonamide sensitivity reaction
What are loop diuretics?
This drug can cause drug-induced lupus
Hydralazine
what drug class should be avoided in HF with preserved EF
Nitrates
What are 2 findings you can see on fundascopic exam in a pt with hypertensive retinopathy?
1. lumen of retinal arteries reduced from atherosclerotic narrowing and decreased flow
2. Intimal thickening (Arteriovenous nicking)
3. microaneurysms
4. small retinal hemorrhages
NHE3 has an important role in the reabsorption of this
bicarb
2 classes of potassium-sparing diuretics
1. aldosterone receptor antagonists
2. Na+ channel inhibitors
Used occasionally in hypertensive emergencies and postoperative HTN. Administered via continuous IV infusion
What is fenoldopam?
This diuretic drug class is contraindicated in active hepatitis
Antidiuretic hormone antagonists
This disorder most commonly affects the renal and carotid arteries
Fibromuscular dysplasia