Renal A&P, Insufficiency &
Failure
Failure
Name at least 3 kidney function changes associated with aging
What is reduced blood flow to kidneys, thickened glomerular and tubular basement membranes, decreased tubule length, decreased glomerular filtration rate, nocturnal polyuria, decreased kidney mass, and risk for dehydration?
A bacterial infection of the renal pelvis, tubules, and interstitial tissue of one or both kidneys.
What is acute pyelonephritis?
Name at least 2 clinical manifestations of Bladder Cancer
What are intermittent painless hematuria, infection of the urinary tract as a complication causing frequency & urgency, unexplained weight loss, and pelvic or back pain with metastasis?
Included in the biliary system
What are the gallbladder, common bile duct, common hepatic duct, and cystic duct?
Name at least 4 risk factors for acute pancreatitis and 2 risk factors for chronic pancreatitis.
What are acute: undiagnosed chronic pancreatitis, gallstones, bacterial or viral infection, blunt abdominal trauma, peptic ulcer disease (PUD), hyperlipidemia, or steroids? And what are chronic: alcohol abuse, malnutrition, or smoking?
Name at least 4 Risk Factors for renal diseases
What is advanced age, BPH, diabetes, HTN, immobilization, Hypovolemic shock, Spinal cord injury, pregnancy, Medication, family and genetic, Demographic information, Recent pelvic surgery, Systemic lupus erythematosus...
Phases of AKI
What are Initiation/Onset phase(prevention/detection), Maintenance/Oliguric phase(prevent overload/promote perfusion), Diuretic Phase(monitor for dehydration, electrolyte imbalances), Recovery phase(prevent CKD, ESRD)?
Diagnosing Bladder Cancer
What is a cystoscopy with biopsy, excretory urography, MRI/Pelvic CT, US, cytology of urine, urinalysis, IVP?
Exocrine and endocrine functions of the liver
What are (exocrine) release enzymes directly into the GI tract, helps with digestion of carbohydrates, protein, and fats? And what are (endocrine) releases the hormones insulin, glucagon, and stomatostatin; releases directly into the bloodstream?
Name at least 5 nursing interventions for acute pancreatitis.
What are support respiratory function, manage pain, prevent further infection/inflammation, support nutrition, rest the bowel (i.e., NPO, possible NGT), TPN, monitor weight, administer medications (pain, PPIs, H2 antagonists, antibiotics, enzyme replacement), monitor labs, provide low fat diet, low salt/possibly vegetarian diet, educate to avoid smoking, chewing gum, hard candy, or foods that stimulate enzyme release?
Name the differences between acute renal failure and chronic renal failure:
What is (acute renal failure) rapid onset, follows toxic or ischemic stressor, manifestation is overt, may progress to chronic renal failure, and may require dialysis? And, what is (chronic renal failure) slow progression, irreversible deterioration of renal function, HTN and DM most common stressors, manifestation is insidious (slow progression), and initially responsive to diet and medications, and eventually dialysis?
Intra-renal hereditary disease.
What is polycystic kidney disease?
Name at least 3 surgical treatments for bladder cancer
What are transurethral resection, simple cystectomy, radical cystectomy, and urinary diversion (continent-portion of the intestine used to create a new reservoir for urine or cutaneous-urine drains through an opening created in the abdominal wall?
Name at least 4 risk factors for biliary disorders
What are age, family history, race (native American), obesity, hyperlipidemia, frequent weight changes, rapid weight loss, post bariatric surgery, 4 F's (female, fair, fat, forty), biliary stasis (result of pregnancy, fasting, prolonged TPN), DM, cirrhosis, and high dose estrogen therapy?
G E T M A S H E D
What is Gallstones Ethanol Trauma Steroids
Mumps Autoimmune Scorpion venom Hypercalcemia/hyperlipidemia
ERCP (diagnostic) Drugs (treatment)?
Name at least 3 acute renal failure factors that are reversible:
What are hypovolemia, hypotension, decreased cardiac output, renal obstruction (kidney or lower urinary tract), or bilateral obstruction of renal circulation?
Name at least 5 diagnostic tests for renal disease/insufficiency
What are labs including bloodwork for BUN, creatinine, GFR, electrolytes, CBC, urinalysis, 24 hour urine, IVP (IV pyelography), CT scan, MRI, MRA, US, cystoscopy, renal biopsy, and renal areriography?
Name at least 5 elements of nursing management of urinary stoma including patient education.
What is providing stoma & skin care, caring for the ostomy, educating on caring for the ostomy, encouraging fluids, relieving anxiety, education on managing the ostomy appliance: i.e., controlling the odor, changing the appliance, cleaning and deodorizing the appliance?
Education related to nutrition after an acute attack of gall stones
What is rest, hydration, low fat liquids, high protein and carbohydrate supplements, cooked fruits, rice, lean meats, mashed potatoes, non-gas forming vegetables, and breads?
Name at least 5 contributing factors for BPH.
What are hormonal, family history, smoking, alcohol use, obesity, HTN, DM, heart disease, sedentary lifestyle, and or diet high in animal fat, protein and refined carbohydrates?
Name at least 4 elements of nursing management for a patient with an AKI
What is monitoring fluid & electrolyte balance, reducing metabolic rate, promoting pulmonary function, preventing infection, providing skin care, and providing psychosocial support?
Maintain Map >65, nutrition (low protein diet, high carbohydrate diet, TPN, tube feeds, low Na/K/PO4), medications, CRRT (continuous renal replacement therapy), done in ICU/OR, dialyzes 24 hours/day, hydration/pressors to increase BP. Fluid restriction(depends on phase), treat cause
Name 3 potential causes of Pre-Renal AKI and examples.
What is impaired blood flow (examples cardiac insufficiency-MI, HF, cardiogenic shock, arrhythmias, sudden and severe drop in blood pressure (shock) or interruption of blood flow to the kidneys from severe injury or illness; volume depletion states (examples hemorrhage, severe GI loss, renal loss-diuretic agents & osmotic diuresis), or vasodilation (examples sepsis, anaphylaxis, or anti-hypertensives)?
The name of the ostomy which uses a segment of the ileum and cecum to form a reservoir for urine, also connecting the ureters to create a "bladder".
What is Indiana Pouch?
Name at least 4 classic signs of acute pancreatitis
What are severe epigastric & abdominal pain, fever, possible jaundice, nausea, vomiting, abdominal distension and rigidity?
Name at least 4 prostate cancer clinical manifestations.
What are asymptomatic in early stages, common symptoms in advanced stage: urinary retention, difficulty and urinary frequency, decreased size and force of urine stream, painless hematuria (usually a sign of metastasis to the urethra and or bladder), sexual dysfunction, lower back pain (metastasis to the bone), and lymphadenopathy?