ALFONSO XIII
Who was the regent during the early years of Alfonso XIII's reign?
His mother: María Cristina
Who led the 1923 military coup?
Miguel Primo de Rivera
In what year was the Second Republic proclaimed?
1931
What was the main goal of the agrarian reform?
To redistribute land to poor peasants.
Who won the elections in 1933?
Right-wing parties: CEDA and Radical Party
What was the disaster of 1998?
The loss of the colonies (Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines)
What type of regime did Primo de Rivera establish?
A military dictatorship
What happened to Alfonso XIII in 1931?
He went into exile.
What did the military reform consist of?
Obligation to swear allegiance to the republic and voluntarily transfer to the reserve
Who won the elections in 1936?
The Popular Front (left-wing coalition).
Which two parties alternated in power?
The Liberal and the Conservative Parties
Give two reasons why some people initially supported Primo de Rivera.
They wanted order, stability, and a solution to political crisis and the Morocco problem.
What important right did women gain during the Second Republic?
The right to vote.
Why did conservative groups oppose the religious reforms?
Because they reduced the power and influence of the Catholic Church.
The two main problems during the Bienio Conservador:
Asturian revolution and the proclamation of the Catalan State within the Spanish Federal Republic
What political system existed in Spain during Alfonso XIII’s reign?
The Restoration system with the turno pacífico (rotation of parties).
Explain three measures implemented by Primo de Rivera
Suspension of the Constitution, dissolution of the Parliament, ban of political parties and unions.
Alhucemas landing (end of Morocco War)
State monopolies
What did the Constitution of 1931 establish about religion?
It established a secular state (separation of Church and State).
What was political polarisation during the Second Republic?
The growing division between extreme left and extreme right.
Why did the reforms of the Second Republic generate strong opposition from some sectors of Spanish society?
Because they threatened the interests of the Church, the army, landowners, and conservative groups.
Explain how the Disaster of Annual (1921) weakened Alfonso XIII’s monarchy.
It showed military incompetence, increased criticism of the king, and damaged the credibility of the system.
Why did the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera ultimately weaken the monarchy instead of saving it?
Because when the dictatorship failed, the king was associated with it and lost legitimacy.
What international economic situation coincided with the reformist biennium?
The Great Depression
Explain how the reforms of the Republic created both hope and conflict in Spanish society.
They aimed to modernise Spain but threatened traditional groups, increasing tension.
Why did the Second Republic end?
Because of the coup d'stat (military uprising)