1st Amendment
This case helped protect symbolic speech: "Public school students have the right to wear black armbands because it does not cause a disruption"
What is "Tinker v. Des Moines?"
This case ordered school desegregation, overturning Plessy v Ferguson
What is "Brown v Board?"
This case established judicial review.
What is "Marbury v Madison?"
This document argued that establishing a representative democracy works against partisanship and factionalism.
What is Federalist No.10?
It is a series of amendments to the constitution that guarantees freedoms for the individual and due process.
What are the Bill of Rights?
This case expanded religious freedom: "Cannot compel Amish students to attend school past the eighth grade"
What is "Wisconsin v Yoder?"
This case incorporated the 2nd amendment's right to keep and bear arms.
What is "McDonald v Chicago?"
This case affirmed that corporations and associations' political spending cannot be limited by law.
What is "Citizens United v FEC?"
This document addresses the counterarguments of Antifederalists; how checks and balances will be created to mitigate excessive power, including the separation of powers.
What is Federalist 51?
There are 27 of them; each describing the rights and restrictions one has.
What are the Amendments?
This case limited federal government power: Congress cannot use the commerce clause to get into school's business.
What is "US v Lopez?"
This case stated that legislative redistricting must be conscious of race but districts cannot be overtly racial in nature.
What is "Shaw v Reno?"
This case guaranteed an attorney for the poor and indigent.
What is "Gideon v Wainwright?"
This antifederalist paper argued there is no way a free republic can effectively rule over such a large nation, at least without the potential of corruption. (This document elaborated on the threat of having a too powerful of a centralized government that may erode state powers.)
What is Brutus No. 1?
It is a document in which it states the principles on which the American government is based, gives reasons why they should gain independence from Britain, and says that all people are created equal.
What is the Declaration of Independence?
This case stated that schools cannot sponsor religious activities and cannot sponsor prayer
What is "Engel v Vitale?"
This case established "one man, one vote" and opens courts to reviewing redistricting challenges.
What is "Baker v Carr?"
This case stated that speech creating a "clear and present danger" is not protected.
What is "Schenck v US?"
It states the purpose of having a single executive (president) by saying that they bring both the energy of a single person and accountability to the people.
What is Federalist No. 70?
Martin Luther King wrote this while he was in jail after being arrested for protesting. There, he defended nonviolent resistance against racism, and that people have a moral responsibility to break unjust laws even if it means taking direct action.
What is "Letter from a Birmingham Jail"?
This case established a "heavy presumption against prior restraint." (In other words, this established that prior restraint is not constitutional and that you cannot suppress speech even if it might be deemed as libel or defamation.)
What is "New York Times v US?"
Case by case application of the Bill of Rights to the states through the 14th Amendment.
What is selective incorpporation?
This case established the supremacy of the US Constitution and laws over state laws.
What is "McCulloch v Maryland?"
This document goes over judicial review and basically establishes their argument for the role of the judicial branch. (This document elaborates on how having a single executive results in more accountability. The president can make decisions more efficiently when working alone, also.)
What is Federalist No.78?
The first written draft of the constitution failed because they couldn't collect taxes, regular trade, enforce laws, nor did they have an executive branch and national court system. In addition to this, they also needed approval from 9-13 states to pass laws, and amending documents had to have unanimous approval.
What are the Articles of Confederation?