Types of hypothesis
his kind of hypothesis predicts that there will be no significant difference or relationship between variables.
Null Hypothesis
This type of reasoning moves from specific observations to broader generalizations and theories.
inductive reasoning
A relationship in which change in one variable results from change in another
Cause and effect
"Students who receive tutoring will perform better on exams than those who do not.” What is the independent variables.
tutoring
This step refers to when you identify an issue or something you are curious about
Asking the question
When a hypothesis predicts the direction of a relationship (e.g., “increases” or “decreases”), it’s called this.
Directional hypothesis
This type of reasoning begins with a general principle or theory and tests it with specific observations.
deductive reasoning
This is a logical system that bases knowledge on direct systematic observation
Science
"If students drink coffee before class, they will score higher on a quiz.” What is the dependent variable.
Quiz sccores
This fourth step of the research process has to do with selecting data collection tools
Collecting relevant data
his type of hypothesis predicts a relationship but does not specify the direction of the effect.
Non Directional Hypothesis
A testable statement predicting the relationship between two or more variables is called this.
hypothesis
A researcher should remain neutral and allow the facts to speak for themselves, otherwise this could be called into question
Objectivity
“Students who sleep at least 8 hours the night before an exam will perform better than those who sleep less.” What is the independent variable.
Hours of sleep
This step requires phrasing an If...Then statement thereby narrowing the research topic
Formulating the hypothesis
There will be a relationship between sleep hours and academic performance.
Non directional
You start with the theory: “All students who practice daily will improve their math skills.” What type of reasoning is used.
Deductive
A relationship in which two or more variables change together
Correlation
“Listening to classical music while studying improves memory recall.” What is the independent variable.
Classical Music
Finished collecting data? Got results to analyse? Welcome to this 6th step in the process
Working with the hypothesis
Students who receive tutoring will perform better on exams than those who do not.”
Directional
You observe three classmates: Ana studies with flashcards and gets an A, Ben studies with flashcards and gets a B+, and Carla studies with flashcards and also scores high. From these repeated cases, you conclude: “Using flashcards helps students perform better on exams.” What type of reasoning is described in the scenario.
Inductive
Scientific research often challenges what we accept as
Common sense
“Exercise frequency and diet type influence students’ energy levels.” What is the independent variable.
Exercise frequency and diet type
Will you accept, refute or amend your hypothesis; then you are this 7th step
Reconsidering the theory