Chapter 1
Determine the outlier:
3, 6, 8, 5, 7, 297, 1, 4
(What is) 297?
An outlier is defined as a case that is distinct when compared to the majority of other cases. In this scenario it is 297 because it the only number that isn't a single digit.
Define what a longitudinal study is?
(What is) A collection of data that is retrieved from participants over a set period of time. (?)
What does "IRB" stand for?
(What is) Institutional Review Board - a board that reviews the ethical merit of an institution's research. (?)
Is a sample found within a population or a population found within a sample?
Define - Introspection.
(What is)The reflection of one's own thoughts and feelings in order to find evidence. (?)
(Self-reflection must be part of the answer.)
Describe the difference between an independent and dependent variable.
(What is)
Independent variable - the variable being manipulated.
Dependent variable - the variable being measured. (?)
Name the 4 types of non-probability samples.
(What is) Convenience sample, Quota sample, Purposive sample, and Snowball sample. (?)
Name the 3 types of behavioral measures.
(What is):
-Behavioral observation: direct observation of behavior.
-Behavioral trace: relies on evidence left behind.
-Behavioral choice: purposely selecting from a variety of options. (?)
Name all six qualities of a good scientist.
(What is) Skepticism, Empiricism, Creativity, Objectivity, Open-Mindedness, and Communication. (?)
Explain the reasoning behind why non-experimental designs are used in regards to ethics?
(What is) Non-experimental designs are used to test ideas that may break ethical code if actually conducted experimentally. (?)
Define - Plagiarism.
(What is) the representation of someone else's work or ideas as your own without giving the original person proper credit. (?)
Define - Quasi-experiment.
(What is) Answers may vary, but must include:
-cannot manipulate independent variable
-cannot randomly assign participants
-cannot manipulate pre-existing groups (?)
Explain the difference between basic and applied research.
(What is) Basic research has to do with expanding on worldly knowledge, theories, and phenomena.
Applied research has to do with social aspects such as solving problems, helping others, and improving the quality of life. (?)
What is the purpose of debriefing?
(What is) "Answers may vary", but must include:
-explain the purpose of the study
-disclose any deception used
-all participants to ask questions (?)
[may offer counseling]
What are the 3 basic principles for conducting research?
(What is) -
Beneficence and nonmaleficence: ensuring the potential positive outcomes outweigh the negative outcomes.
Justice: fairness in terms of participation, benefit, and burden of risk.
Respect for Persons: showing respect in the decisions made by any and all people in regards to the study. (?)
What is the rule regarding BOTH validity and reliability?
(What is) Validity is codependent on reliability, but reliability itself can be independent. Without reliability, the statistic/answer might hypothetically be correct, but is considered an outlier/fluke. (?)
Define the bias.
Linda claims that she has witnessed life from another planet but no one believes her. She decides to do some research because she knows she isn't crazy. She visits the following websites: AliensinHD.com , MarvelousMartians.com , and LifeonVenus.com.
(What is) Confirmation bias ?
She only visited websites that agreed with her views, disregarding the apposing argument completely.
(None of these were .edu or .org, and therefore could be published by anyone.)
Who is William of Okham and what is he known for?
(What is) He was a 14th century English philosopher and created the concept "Occam's razor" - which refers the "cutting away the unnecessary" in terms of hypothesis development. (?)
Describe the Little Albert experiment.
-John B Watson
-creation of fear/phobia through classical conditioning
-negative association with all things "white and fluffy" (?)
A psychologist conducts an interview with U.S. Army veterans in regards to a study about PTSD.
What type of measuring is being used in this study? Explain.
(What is) Self-report?
It would be unethical to induce PTSD into someone, therefore it must be studied with someone who already possesses PTSD - in this case through an interview.