Research & Theory
The factors that make a good research question.
What is feasibility, social, and scientific relevance?
Data are collected from participants at one time point only. Cannot be used for causation or association.
What is a cross-sectional design?
Occurs when some population characteristics are overrepresented or underrepresented in the sample because of particular features of the method of selecting the sample
What is sampling bias?
The difference between descriptive and inferential statistics
What is ...
Descriptive Statistics summarize the characteristics of a dataset
Inferential Statistics allow you to test a hypothesis or assess whether
Broadly defined as looking for patterns in a body of daa by identifying recurring concepts or categories
What is coding?
Statement describing the relationship between two or more variables
What is a hypothesis?
Data are collected at two or more time points.
What is a longitudinal design?
Occurs when very sample element is selected purely on the basis of chance through a random process
What is simple random sampling?
The shape of distribution that describes where the middle is / point in the distribution where the cases tend to center
What is central tendency?
Describing a setting using participants' views and terms
What is the emic approach?
Study begins with a theory that is subsequently tested using data
What is deductive research?
These two designs use longitudinal aspects but have variations
What is a panel and cohort design?
Groups within the sample are selected separately from population that the researcher identifies in advance
What is stratified random sampling?
A symmetrical distribution, shaped like a bell and centered around the mean, with the number of cases tapering off in the predictable pattern on both sides of the mean
What is a normal distribution?
Focus on particular groups of people with lived experience of something
What is phenomenology ?
A logically interrelated set of propositions or claims about empirical reality.
What is theory?
These are the four types of measurement.
What are nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio variables?
Sampling comprised of participants who are available and easy to find
What is convenience sampling?
A statistic that measure the variability of a distribution as the average squared deviation of each case from the mean
What is variance?
More on biography than phenomenon. Data collected via interviews.
What is narrative?
Study begins by collecting data that is then used to develop a theory from the data.
What is inductive research?
Error in reasoning that occurs when conclusions about individual-level processes are drawn from group-level data.
What is an ecological fallacy?
Study participants are selected for a specific purpose usually due to their unique position of the sample elements
What is purposive sampling?
Variance is used to calculate this
What is a standard deviation?
A response in a study that diverges with other responses
What is an anomaly
A measurable characteristic or property that changes and is used to represent or describe human experiences.
What is a variable?
Error in reasoning that occurs when conclusions about group-level processes are drawn from individual-level data.
What is a reductionist fallacy?
Occurs in experiments when groups become different because participants in one group are more likely to drop out for various reasons compared to participants in the other group(s)
What is differential attrition (mortality)?
An inferential statistic used to test hypotheses about relationship between two or more categorical/nominal variables in a cross-tabulation
What is a chi-square test?
Be critical in analysis of collected data beyond the surface level
What is exhausting the data?
Represents the pattern in a relationship between two variables.
What is an association?
A scale reports the same weight at 10:00am, 10:05 am, and 10:15am is an example of something.
What is reliability?
Nature of a presumed relationship between two variables that actually results from variation in a third variable
What is spuriousness?
Represents the mathematical likelihood that an association is not the result of chance and is judged by the criterion set by analysts
What is statistical significance?
Systematic theory that is developed inductively based on observations that are summarized into conceptual categories, reevaluated, and gradually refined to ultimately build a new theory
What is grounded theory?
Using multiple methods to study or answer one research question
What is triangulation?
The three key elements of a true experiment
What is comparison groups, random assignment, and variation in the independent variable?
Occurs when change among experimental subjects results from the positive expectancies of the staff who are delivering the treatment rather than from the treatment itself
What is self-fulfilling prophecy?
Method of using pre-existing data in a different way to answer a different research question than intended by those who collected the data
What is secondary data analysis?
Collects data on quantitative instruments and with qualitative focus groups
What is a convergent parallel design?
Extent to which findings from one study can inform us about previous places or event that were not directly studied
What is generalizability?
Name the different types of validity and their purpose.
What is face validity, criterion validity, and construct validity?
Face - Measures what is stated
Criterion - Can be measured against something
Construct - Shows measures with theory
Experimental method in which neither subjects nor the staff delivering experimental treatments know which subjects are getting the treatment
What is double blind procedure?
Digital information available in enormous quantities from the Internet, smartphone network, media monitoring systems, online learning systems, digital medical records and other such sources
What is big data?
Researchers display real sensitivity to how a social situation or process is interpreted from a particular background and set of values and not simple based on the situation itself