PICO ?s
You are investigating whether early intervention improves speech intelligibility in toddlers with hearing loss. What type of PICO question is this?
Therapy/Treatment
In research writing, affect is usually used as:
A verb meaning "to influence"
In covert observation, the researcher:
Observes participants without their knowledge
In an ABAB design, what does each letter stand for?
A = Baseline, B = Intervention
Which section of a research article typically explains why the study was conducted and includes a review of related studies?
Introduction
A researcher asks: "Is a bedside swallow screen more accurate than videofluoroscopy for detecting aspiration?"
What type of PICO question is this?
Diagnosis
In research writing, effect is usually used as:
A noun meaning "an outcome or result"
In overt observation, the researcher:
Clearly informs participants that they are being observed
What is the primary goal of a withdrawal or reversal design?
To determine if changes in behavior are due to the intervention
In which section would you find details about participant characteristics, procedures, and materials?
Methods
Which PICO question type investigates the causes or risk factors of a disorder?
Etiology
Is affect used correctly or misused in the following sentence:
"The affect of counseling on treatment compliance was clear."
Misused
Participatory observation involves:
The researcher becoming involved in the group’s activities
In an ABAB design, why is the second "A" (baseline) phase important?
It confirms whether behavior returns to baseline levels without intervention
Where should you look in a research article to find the authors' interpretation of their findings and how they relate to previous research?
Discussion
A clinician wants to know: "In patients with aphasia post-stroke, what is the likelihood of regaining functional language within 6 months?"
What type of PICO question is this?
Prognosis
Is effect used correctly or misused in the following sentence:
"The researchers studied the effect of bilingualism on vocabulary growth. "
Correct
A researcher joins a stuttering support group to better understand group dynamics while also recording observations is an example of:
Participatory observation
Which of the following BEST represents a dependent variable that might be measured during baseline and treatment phases in an ABAB study on articulation therapy?
Number of correctly produced target sounds
If you wanted to evaluate the validity of a study (how well it was conducted), which section would be most important to read carefully?
Methods
You ask, "Does using ear protection during concerts reduce the incidence of hearing loss in teenagers?"
What type of PICO question is this?
Prevention
Is affect used correctly or misused in the following sentence:
"Lack of sleep may affect the participants’ test scores."
Correct
A researcher studying playground behavior tells children they are being observed but does not interact with them. This is an example of:
Overt observation
If the target behavior does not return to baseline after withdrawal of treatment in an ABAB design, what might this suggest?
The behavior change was permanent
Which section typically acknowledges limitations of the study?
Discussion