Ethnography and Basso
Who is the major CI in Basso's research?
Lola
Describe the research cycle
Linear or Cyclical?
Question--choose a methodology, collect data (try to stick to question), organize and analyze data, describe findings, discuss--(so what, what does this all mean, how does it further the research, how have I contributed to the field, what next, limitations, so what? write it up, Publish.
Definitely not cyclical
(just testing...)
My colleagues and I are concerned about the quality of student writing. We want to see if genre based approaches to writing will improve their writing.
1) What does this question mean?
2) Will observation as a data collection method be effective in this case?
1. Genre = multiple types of writing....
2. Probably not.
In a Small Talk segment, Sophie's (in JH's research) was trying to say two words, but was "unsuccessful". What were the two words?
convertible and fashion
What is a null hypothesis?
The null hypothesis, H0 is the commonly accepted fact; it is the opposite of the alternate hypothesis. Researchers work to reject, nullify or disprove the null hypothesis. Example: there is no significant difference between the type of water I feed the flowers and growth of the flowers.
Three part question
1) How many stories do friend's tell to ease Louise's mind?
2) How many parts to the research? the story is told in ------ acts, so to speak.
3) How many hindquarters were laying at the bottom of the canyon? (hunting buck story)
1) 3
2) 5
3) 1
What is a kind of data collection used to gather inner group's perceptions of one and other?
A sociogram
1) Will observation help answer this research question?
2) What kinds of data collection could you use?
1) Strategy use in listening is more a mental (cognitive) activity than a behavioral or observable one.
2) questionnaires, surveys, think aloud protocols
What do grounded and a priori analysis mean?
Do you need to explain these terms in your methodology section
Who could you quote (from this class)?
from the ground up (categories surface); going in with categories in mind
YES
Donald Freeman, Doing Teacher Research
1. What is the significance of the following equation?
2. Why does it matter?
P<.05
3. What would you tell a research audience if you numbers came to p<.16?
1. Statistical significance. If a finding is said to be “statistically significant,” that simply means that the pattern of findings found in a study is likely to generalize to the broader population of interest.
Your findings are not random.
Answers will vary
We read a slide the second night of class that read:
Ethnography requires ________________ on the part of the researcher. Why?
ignorance
because to do ethnography justice, one must treat the familiar as strange--in an authentic way; one must be genuinely curious and humble!
What is wrong with the following survey questions:
How satisfied or dissatisfied are you with the pay and work benefits of your current job?
Where do you enjoy drinking beer?
Should concerned parents use infant car seats?
Double barreled -- measure only one variable
Leading/Assuming --
Leading/Assuming
Some of the students in my class are a difficult group and they seem unmotivated. What are they actually doing during the group activities I set up?
This question is pretty good, but it has some problems? Will observation be useful here.
What might be the best way to research this issue?
What does "motivated" "unmotivated" mean?
Observation might work, but interviews and co-observer could really shed light on problem.
Observation, interviews, shadowing students from class to class etc.
What does a T test help you to do?
What does Anova help you to do?
What kind of research are these two concepts associated with?
T test looks for significant difference between 2 sets of data
Anova The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to determine whether there are any statistically significant differences between more than 2 sets of data.
Quantitative
Name 6 steps of the 12 step report
Answers will vary
Where do the terms emic/etic come from? Why?
phonemic/phonetic
observing sounds in groups that were audible to insiders, but not outsiders (see MJ handout for futher information)
Is it necessary to consult the literature before you begin AR?
Why or why not? If yes, give three reasons?
What does it mean to operationlize?
depends, but a good idea yes.
give ideas for focusing, current areas etc; Get ideas about how to design your research and collect data; Get a feel for how you might contribute and what others value around your topic.
Operationalize = define well, seeing how concepts might get played out. example: tutoring. What does it mean? What doesn't it mean?
Name 5 ways that your colleagues in this class are performing the ACTION part in AR.
answers will vary
At which point in the research process do you conduct analysis?
AT ALL POINTS
According to her critic, Ann Lazaraton has at least two major flaws in her research. What are they?
She does not "prove" what she sets out to do.
She does not clearly define her terms.
She uses CA as a kind of science that does not, in critics opinion, advance one's appreciation for this type of analysis.
1. Give three reasons why it is important for TESOL professionals to develop ethnographic attitudes.
2. Where were the Western Apache of Cibecue located?
3) Why would this group of Native Americans be interested in landscapes?
4) What is the difference between coherence and incoherence? Why is it important?
Answers will vary
1. unassuming, doubting Thomas, appreciation for insider/outsider, listening carefully, living with culture, knowing the language, field notes, participant observation, culture/language depth, study
2. East-Central Arizona (hot, flat)
3. need to be able to name places given the geography, flat, wide horizons etc.
4. what is coherent to you might be incoherent to me. Judgment.
If quantitative methodology--
1. social facts have an objective reality, then...
2. variables can be identifies and relationships measured, then...
3. prediction, hypothesis testing
4. seeks consensus, the norm
5. based on experiments
6. reduces data to numerical indices
Qualitative...
1. reality is socially constructed
2. variables are complex, interwoven and difficult to measure
3. interpretation, ends with hypothesis, grounded theory
4. seeks pluralism, complexity,
5. Natural settings (e.g., classrooms as they are)
6. makes minor use of numerical indices
According to Burns, what are key criteria for evaluating the literature you are using/reading? Name 3.
1) How good is it? Opinion or research based?
2) How balanced is it? Different perspectives?
3) How recent is it? Written within the last five years? Or primary sources? Ovum articles?
4) How much should I read? Have you read enough to become familiar in the area? Are you beginning to recognize key ideas and author's names? Are you getting a sense of trends? Clearer ideas?
1.What is the difference between raw data and cooked data?
2. How many times should one cook data?
3. There are at least 4 phases of analyzing data. What are they?
1. raw is hot off the press-an "analyzed" interview (perhaps questions on the side)
2. cooked = analyzed, tagged, categorized, compared, contrasted, triangulated--AS MANY TIMES AS NECESSARY...for the rest of one's life.
3. defining the analysis, classifying and coding the data, making connections between and among categories of data, conveying the message.
Name 4 kinds of validity
ecological
interpretive
theoretical
descriptive