Ethical Issues
What is p-hacking?
Modifying study design, recruitment, or analyses so that you get a p-value < .05.
What are "person-centered" and "system-centered" language? Why would we use these in manuscripts?
person-centered: person with x
system-centered: group impacted by y
To better recognize the humanity of participants.
In what situations would you use a t-test vs a correlation?
t-test: 2 groups, 1 continuous outcome
correlation: 2 continuous outcomes (or 2 groups!)
SONA study where everyone completes questionnaires at the same timepoint and you correlate them
What's the difference between mediation and moderation?
mediation: why something works
moderation: when/for whom something works
What is HARKing?
Hypothesizing After the Results are Known - treating exploratory results as confirmatory.
Should you include information on your sample in the title and/or abstract of your papers? Why or why not?
In what situations would you use an ANOVA vs a regression?
ANOVA: 3+ groups, 1 continuous outcome
regression: any number of groups/outcomes
Give me an example of a longitudinal study design.
Assessing a construct repeatedly in the same people over time (minutes, days, weeks, years)
Why do single-case experimental designs use different length baseline periods?
To show changes in an outcome only happen when an intervention starts.
What is power? Why is it important?
Your ability to find an effect if it's there.
What's the difference between hierarchical linear regression and hierarchical linear modeling?
HLR: multiple independent variables
HLM: nested data
Give me an example of a randomized controlled trial (RCT).
Selecting from the same population, randomizing to a condition (using randomizing software or something), following over time.
What does it mean to do translational research? And is it unidirectional? Why or why not?
From bench to bedside (and back!)
You should always share your data! Why or why not?
Yes - increases transparency & replicability.
No - identifies participants.
What is community-based participatory research?
Involving community members in the development and design of research to benefit them.
When would you use dummy-coding (0,1) vs effect coding (-0.5, +0.5)?
dummy-coding: meaningful reference group
effect coding: averaging across sample groups
Give me an example of an experimental design with an analogue clinical sample.
Biophysical measures are objective measures of psychopathology, and self-report measures are subjective. Why or why not?
Objective measures of biophysical processes, but correlates of psychopathology.
What is the replication crisis?
Our inability to re-run studies and get the same results.
What are the generalizability, group differences, & multicultural approaches to studying diversity?
Generalizability - look for similarities
Group differences - compare to one group
Multicultural - focus on particular group as itself
Broadly speaking, what's one of the main differences between network analysis and structural equation modeling (SEM)?
network analysis: assumes items cause/impact each other
SEM: assumes items caused by underlying latent factor
Give me an example of a universal prevention trial vs a selective prevention trial vs an indicated prevention trial.
universal: everyone gets it
selective: people with relevant risks get it
indicated: subthreshold people get it
What's the difference between an efficacy and an effectiveness trial?
Efficacy: does something work in an ideal lab context?
Effectiveness: does something work in the real world?