Research Methods
Two types of Self- Reports
Questionnaire
Interviews
This Experimental Design has less Demand Characteristics & no Order Effects
Independent Measures Design
Difference between Aim and Hypotheses
The aim tells you the purpose of the
investigation
A testable statement
A hypothesis should also be falsifiable
The purpose of Filler Questions- with examples
Filler questions: items put into a questionnaire, interview or test to disguise the aim of the study by hiding the important questions among irrelevant ones so that participants are less likely to alter their behaviour by working out the aims
What is meant by Experimental Design?
The way that participants are used in different levels of the IV is called the experimental design. They may be allocated to all, or only one, of the levels of the IV.
Operationalize Social Anxiety
Positive & Negative Correlation- with examples
In a positive correlation, the two variables increase together
In a negative correlation, higher scores on one variable correspond with low scores on the other
Give an example scenario of a Matched Pairs Design
Any example
Operationalize Customer Loyalty
2 differences between a field experiment and a natural experiment
a field experiment has a manipulated IV and a measured DV and happens in the normal environment for the activity being investigated.
In field experiments the experimenter deliberately alters the DV
natural experiments might be more ethical because there is no deliberate interference with the participants’ existence
2 ways to overcome Order Effect
random allocation
.counterbalancing
Operationalize
Sleep
Amount of sleep / Quality of sleep/ Average number of hours of sleep per night
Social media Behavior
Frequency of social media use[ Number of logins during the day ] / Social media platform preferences [Most frequently used social media platform ] / Night-time social media use [Amount of time spent using social media before sleep ]
2 Strengths and 2 Limitations of Case study
Strengths
Provides detailed (rich qualitative) information.
Provides insight for further research.
Permitting investigation of otherwise impractical (or unethical) situations
Limitations
Lacking scientific rigour and providing little basis for generalization of results to the wider population.
Researchers' own subjective feeling may influence the case study (researcher bias).
Difficult to replicate.
Time-consuming and expensive.
The volume of data, together with the time restrictions in place, impacted on the depth of analysis that was possible within the available resources.
2 Strengths and 2 Limitations of Repeated Measures Design
S
Participant variables are unlikely to distort the effect of the IV, as each participant does all levels
Counterbalancing reduces order effects
Uses fewer participants than repeated measures so is good when participants are hard to find or if participants are at risk
W
Order effect could distort the results
As participants see the experimental task more than once, they have greater exposure to demand characteristics
What are "Controls" in Research?
Controls make sure that the levels of the IV represent what they are supposed to, i.e. that the differences between them are going to create the intended situations to test the hypothesis.
every participant is treated in the same way
use standardised instructions for all participants
having equipment or tests that are consistent, i.e. that measure the same variable every time and always do so in the same way
In laboratory experiments, standardisation is easier than in other studies, as equipment is likely to be consistent, for example stopwatches or brain scans