Bias
What type of bias is due to behavioral changes?
Hawthorne effect
What are the 4 types of reliability and describe.
Interrater- between 2 observers
Test-retest- correlation between scores at different times
Parallel forms- correlation between scores and different forms
Internal consistency-items on the test are correlated
What is the difference between sensitivity and specificity?
Sensitivity= they have the disorder and are ID as having the disorder
Specificity=doesn't have the disorder and are ID as not having it
What are the steps of a prospective design?
1. Ask questions
2.Do background research
3.Construct the hypothesis
4. test with experiment
5.Analyze the results
6. report the results
What are the levels of evidence?
1.Systematic Reviews (best one)
2. Randomized control
3. Quasi-experimental
4. Correlational studies
5. Expert opinion
What type of bias is due to participants having control over participation or not?
self-selection bias
What are the types of validity and describe.
Construct- does it measure what it is supposed to
Content- does it represent abilities
Criterion- does it relate to other tests
Discriminant- assess a different ability
Explain the differences between standard scores, scaled scores, and stanine scores.
Standard= SD(15) M(100)
Scaled= SD(3) M(10)
Stanine= SD (2) M(5)
What is a retrospective design?
What are the steps of the scientific method?
1. Ask a question or state a problem
2. Develop the hypothesis based on the question
3. Test the hypothesis
4. Decide if the data supports the hypothesis
5. Describe how results influence a theory
What type of bias is due to results biased towards experimenters wants?
Experimenter Bias
What threat to validity is due to a problem with the testing materials
Threat to instrumentation
What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative?
Quantitative- #'s
Qualitative- categorical
What are the types of Experimental Designs?
1. Experimental
-Between and within subjects
2. factorial
3.Quasi-experimental
4. cross-sectional
5. Longitudinal
Ways to acquire knowledge
Authority
Tenacity
Intuition
Experience
What type of bias is due to individuals sticking with their first interpretation?
What threat to validity is due to time related changes?
Threat to maturation
what are the central tendency's?
Mean,median, and mode
In designs we either predict a directional or non-directional hypothesis. What is a directional hypothesis?
When the direction of the outcome is predicted
What are all of the logical fallacies
jargon, burden of proof, unexplained if not explicable, coincidence, representative, hasty generalization, either or, circular reasoning, and ignorance
What type of bias is due to faulty reasoning?
Conditional Fallacy
What threat to validity is due to better performance due to multiple attempts at taking the test?
When evaluating a multiple regression we look at what?
Beta significance. Want it to be .05 or higher to be considered significant
In designs we either predict a directional or non-directional hypothesis. What is a non-directional hypothesis?
When only a difference is predicted. Either alternate hypothesis or a null hypothesis (results are due to change)
Independent versus dependent variable
Independent is the one being manipulated, think of stimuli like environment and noise
Dependent is what is being measured, think of the outcomes like accuracy and rating scales