Sampling of Participants
Three types of sampling techniques
Random, opportunity, and volunteer
Type of data that is often valid as participants can express themselves exactly rather than being limited by fixed choices
Qualitative data
When are experiments useful
To test theories and assumptions in science and studies
A researcher who doesn't become involved in the situation
Non-participant
Closed questions include (3 answers)
Questionnaires, Interviews, and quantitative data
When participants are chosen because they are available
opportunity sample
A way to display data from a correlational study
Scatter graphs
4 main topics of ethics
Informed consent, Right to withdraw, Privacy, and Confidentiality
When the researcher is not being very apparent to the participants.
Covert
Tue or False:
Self reports are reliable because of numerical results that don't need interpretation
True
Most likely to be non-representative or biased
Volunteer Sampling
All the scores in the data set are put in a list from smallest to largest and the middle one is the ___
Median
A variable that acts randomly, affecting the DV in all levels of the IV
Extraneous variables
Where researchers record the whole range of observations____. When researchers record limited range of behaviors____.
Unstructured; Structured
Why are interviews with qualitative data bad
In interviews they may lie because they might think that they know the aim or they want to seem more acceptable
What details about the sample are important due to them affecting many psychological differences
Age, ethnicity, and gender
Graphs include; (4 answers)
Bar chart, Histogram, Normal distribution, scatter graphs
Keeping the procedure for each participant the same to ensure any difference between the participants and conditions are due to the variables under investigation
Standardization
Structured or Unstructured observations is more likely to produce reliable data
Structured Observations
Ethics to be concerned about due to when participants answer questions
Deception and Informed consent
What are the weaknesses to random sampling
Not everyone can be chosen, difficult to achieve, time, effort, and costs
Measure of spread is an indicator of ___ results
Varied
Independent measures, Matched pairs, and Repeated measures are grouped under what category
Experimental design
Observations involve watching human or animal participants which can be done in two overall ways
Naturalistic and Controlled
Prevention of subjectivity increases____. Using questionnaires and structured interviews that produce data that doesn't need to be interpreted increases____.
Validity; Reliability