Variables
Which variable does a researcher modify and regulate in an experiment?
Independent variable
Which research method is this an example of?
Professor Dunne conducted an experiment to determine whether happiness was best achieved by helping oneself or others. Some of the participants were instructed to use the funds for personal expenses. Some participants were instructed to donate their money to a cause or buy a gift for someone else.
Experimental study
What does this represent, science or pseudoscience?
An ever-changing process with confirmable results using precise measurements. This form of science is looked over and reviewed by peers' multiple times and the conclusions are not drawn for the sake of convenience.
Key features of “Science”
A set of questions is released to a neighborhood community to gather information on the benefits of the community park to the residents. What form of study is this an example of?
Surveys
Which variable does a researcher observe but not alter throughout an experiment?
Dependent Variable
Which research method is this an example of?
Studying a specific classroom of students to determine certain learning outcomes. Participants are pre-picked out because they were students in that specific classroom prior to the study starting.
Quasi-experimental design studies
There’s a group of scientists that believe that vaccines are a direct cause of autism, backing up this statement with a study heavily influenced by personal beliefs and motives. What is this statement an example of?
Key features of Pseudoscience
If the correlation between two variables has a score of 0, what does that mean?
There is no linear relationship between the two variables
What is the variable that affects both the independent and dependent variables that leads to no conclusion on the causation?
Confounding Variable
Which sample does each participant have an equal probability of being selected to participate in the survey
Simple random sample
The group of people/things that we want the information about/relate to what we are studying and the hypothesis is explaining what?
population
What are the 3 requirements for causation?
Covariation, time-order relationship, and making sure there are no other possible causes(confounding variables) in the experiment.
A study is conducted where students are randomly assigned to two even groups. One group drinks four cups of coffee every day, while the other drinks no coffee. What variable does the participant's coffee tolerance represent in this study?
Confounding Variable
A study is being conducted to test the effects of milk on a teenagers growth. The study population is split up into 5 groups based on their height. One group is for people below 5 feet, the next 5-5’4, then 5’5-5’9, and so on. From there, each group has five randomly selected members to make up a total of 25 participants. What type of sampling technique is this an example of?
Stratified random sample
Match the definition to Causation or Correlation
Measures the relationship between two variables.
Correlation
Using a random generator or pulling names out of a hat are examples of what kind of sampling?
Simple random sampling
In Professor Dunne’s experiment, which of the following is the dependent variable?
A. Whether the participants got to spend money on themselves or on other people.
B. The participant's happiness.
C. The participants being informed of taking a happy pill.
B. The participant's happiness.
Which research method uses a portion of the population for analysis and conclusion-making.
Sample
Match the definition to Causation or Correlation
An event or action that potentially results in another
Causation
What is the definition of covariation (one of the requirements for causation)?
Covariation is where there must be an observable relationship between the independent and dependent variable.