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what is confidentiality?
The privacy, protection and security of a participant’s personal information in terms of personal details and the anonymity of individual results, including the removal of identifying elements.
what is the control group and experimental group?
control group: group that has not received the independent variable
experimental group: group that receives the independent variable
what is informed consent?
Ensure participants understand the nature and purpose of the experiment, including potential risks (both physical and psychological), before agreeing to participate in the study.
Voluntary written consent should be obtained by the experimenter and if participants are unable to give this consent, then a parent or legal guardian should provide this.
what is validity?
the extent to which a measure accurately measures what it is supposed to be measuring
what is an experimenter?
the researcher who conducts the experiment
explain experimenter effect including an example
the tendency on the part of the experimenter/researcher to influence the participants or to interpret the data/findings to arrive at the result they are seeking to obtain. This is typically done subconsciously, though it may be done consciously as well.
eg: leading questions
what is a within-participants design? give an example
an experimental design where pairs of participants are matched in terms of key variables.
eg: age and IQ.
explain order effects and give an example
occurs when participants' responses in the various conditions are affected by the order of conditions to which they were exposed.
eg: practice effect, fatigue effect.....
what is the IV and DV of this hypothesis?
it was hypothesised that year 12 vce psychology students who are sleep deprived will perform worse on their sac then year 12 vce psychology students who are not sleep deprived
IV: amount of time spent sleeping
DV: test scores
participants of a sleep study are asked to record how they feel they slept in a journal.
Why may the data recorded be subjective?
the data is not knowledge or fact-based-it records personal perspectives, opinions, particular feelings, beliefs or desires.
In the experiment on classical conditioning by Ivan Pavlov what was the IV and DV?
dependent variable- the dog salivating
independent variable- the bell being rung and the food
explain individual participant differences including three examples
The difference in personal characteristics and experiences of the individual participants in an experiment. T
eg: age, gender, intelligence, personality, culture, ethnicity etc.
what is the placebo effect?
-a phenomenon where people report real improvement after taking a fake or nonexistent treatment, called a placebo.
-a response to a non-active treatment
what is qualitative data? give an example of how it may be collected.
-interpretation-based
-descriptive
-describes qualities or characteristics
eg: journal, open ended question written responses, observation, questionnaires, interviews
what is debriefing, and why do we do it?
Ensuring that at the end of the experiment, the participant leaves understanding the experimental aim, results and conclusions. Any participant questions are addressed, and support is also provided to ensure there is no lasting harm from their involvement in the study. Debriefing is essential for all studies that involve deception.
what does a double-blind study hope to prevent/stop?
-bias
-expectations
what is quantitative data? give an example of a collection method
-number based
-countable
-measurable
eg:surverys/questionnaires with rating scales or closed questions, numerical results (test results, counting)
what is a repeated measures design?
an experimental design where the same participants take part in each condition of the experiment. This means that each condition of the experiment uses the same group of participants.
what is voluntary participation?
Ensures that there is no coercion of or pressure put on the participant to partake in an experiment, and they freely choose to be involved.
what is convenient sampling?
sampling strategy that involves selecting participants based on their accessibility and availability to the researcher. Rather than being drawn at random from a bigger population, participants in this strategy are picked because they are easily available to the researcher.
what is hypothesis?
states a prediction of your research outcome
a testable prediction between two or more variables
To provide direction for research by identifying the expected outcome.
what is the IV, DV and sample of this hypothesis?
It was hypothesised that nurses at RMH who work the night shift will show more depressive symptoms than nurses who work the day shift
IV: shift time (day or night)
DV: depressive symptoms
sample: RMH nurses
what is random sampling?
a sampling technique where every member of the target population has an equal chance of being selected
what are withdrawal rights?
a participant being able to discontinue their involvement in an experiment at any time during or after the conclusion of an experiment, without penalty. This includes the removal of the participant’s results from the study after the study has been completed.
what is a double-blind study?
neither the participants nor the researcher knows which experiemental group participants are in until the study is over.