IV/DV
a measurable variable
dependent variable
Leads to results that are systematically skewed, often due to poor sampling techniques
Bias Sampling
specific statement regarding the relationship between variables
Hypothesis
the accuracy of a study's findings and whether it truly measures what it intends to
Validity
a select number of a population is studied in order to analyze the entire population
the variable that is manipulated
Independent Variable
every member of the population has an equal chance of selection
unbiased sampling
objective set of propositions explaining why events occur in the manner they do
Theory
Experimental group changes over time because of an external factor that affects all or most members of the group is which type of threat to internal validity?
History
Difference between probability and non-probability sampling
Probability: each member has a chance of being selected
Non-Probability: does not involve random selection
uses random assignment, a control group, and manipulation of an independent variable to determine its effect on a dependent variable
The true or classic experiment
only choosing the closest school to interview students about campus security would be what type of sampling bias?
Convenience Sampling Bias
the things, what or whom, being studied in the research study
Unit of Analysis
Experimental groups improve over time only because of natural development or spontaneous improvement is what type of threat to internal validity
Maturation
Randomly selecting 50 out of 100 high school students to be included in a research study is what type of probability sampling?
Simple random
IV: number of police
DV: crime rate
Researching drug crimes by obtaining a first dealer that refers you to a second, third, and so on is what type of bias sampling?
Snowballing
What are 3 units of analysis
Individuals, Groups, Organizations
The put together appearance of a defendant helping them achieve a lesser sentence would be what threat to external validity?
Halo Effect
Selecting every 5th inmate out of 100 while conducting research is what type of probability sampling?
Systematic
Hypothesis: Juveniles with lower cognitive development are more likely to engage in criminal behavior.
What could be the independent variable in this study?
Cognitive Development
A researcher surveying police officers and civilians on their opinions of crime decide to include 50 officers and 50 civilians, this would be considered what type of bias sampling?
Quota Sampling
only acceptable when necessary and disclosed afterwards in research
Deception
Police presence in a neighborhood leading to feelings of safety even if crime rates have not gone down would be what type of threat to external validity?
Placebo Effect
Studying officers attitudes about body cameras by randomly picking officers then dividing them by rank would be what type of sampling?