Variables
changes or varies
Variable
the appropriateness of a conclusion or decision
Validity
A __________ argues that one variable causes changes in the level of another variable.
causal claim
a relationship between two variables.
association claim
A _____________ describes a particular level or degree of a single variable.
frequency claim
observed and recorded
measured variable
How well a conceptual variable is operationalized
Construct validity
one variable is manipulated and the other is measured
Experiment
To covary; as one variable changes, the other tends to change too
Correlate
turn a conceptual definition into a measured or manipulated variable
Operational definition
The researcher assigns participants to different levels of that variable
manipulated variable
How well a study minimizes statistical errors
Statistical validity
The _______ variable is manipulated; input (cause)
Independent
A graph with dots representing a correlation
Scatterplot
"74% of the World Smiled Yesterday" is an example of...
frequency claim
theoretical concepts such as “infant temperament” and “anxiety.”
Conceptual variable
How well a study rules out alternative explanations
Internal Validity
The _______ variable is measured; output (effect)
Dependent
High scores on one variable are associated with high scores on another variable or low scores on one variable are associated with low scores on another variable.
Positive Association
___________________ help us make predictions.
Association claims
does not vary
Constant
generalizability
External validity
A method of assigning participants to levels of the independent variable such that each group is as similar as possible
Random assignment
High scores on one variable are associated with low scores on another variable or low scores on one variable associated with high scores on another variable
Negative Association
Both positive and negative associations can help us make predictions, but ____ associations cannot
zero