Chapter 1 Mixed
Seligman's proposal that animals who cannot escape an aversive outcome don't even try to avoid the aversive experience later, when they can escape it, because they don't perceive themselves as having control would best be described as which of the following?
Theory
-because it describes a general principle about how variables relate to one another rather than describing a specific prediction like a hypothesis.
Psychological scientists base their conclusions on evidence. They collect and use data to develop, support, or challenge a theory. This approach is known as ____________.
empiricism
Association
What are the three Belmont Principles?
Beneficence, Justice, and Respect for Person
Which type of validity am I interrogating if I ask "What is the effect size?
Statistical Validity
After reading about Harlow's contact comfort theory, Dr. Borden wonders if these findings would apply to premature babies in the neonatal intensive care unit. He designs a study to test whether touch and cuddling could speed up weight gain in premature babies. What type of research is Dr. Borden's study?
Translational Research
Which of the following is true of the research process?
A) A single study can debunk a theory, if the data is inconsistent
B)Researchers rarely stop at one study; they usually follow up on findings with additional studies.
C) If the research study's are consistent with the data; that is proof that the theory is valid
B)Researchers rarely stop at one study; they usually follow up on findings with additional studies.
Which type of validity empahsizes that the independent variable is responsible for changes in the dependent variable?
Internal Validity
APA has three of the same principles as the Belmont Report. What are the other two principles in APA not mentioned in the Belmont Report?
Integrity
Fidelity and responsibility
We missed associations that are really there, this is called what type of error?
Type 2 error
All other things being equal, the simplest solution is the best." Which principle does this describe?
Parsimony
When we base our beliefs on things that easily come to mind?
Availability Heuristic
What are the three criteria for establishing causation?
Covariance, Temporal precedence, and Internal Validity
What committee is responsible for making sure research is conducted ethically?
IRB-institutional review board
T/F All validities will be able to be satisfied in research.
Franchesca writes up her experiment and submits it to a journal to be evaluated by fellow scientists for publication. What is this process called?
The peer review process
A __________ is an alternative explanation for an outcome that comes about because more than one thing changed at the same time.
Confound
Music Lessons enhance IQ. What type of claim is this?
Causal
T/F all studies require informed consent?
1)Missing a comparison group
2) Experience is confounded
The data matched Franchesca's prediction. What conclusion can Franchesca make?
A) the theory has been proven
B) the theory is false
C) theory is true
D) data supports the theory
D) data supports the theory
Overgeneralize, sensationalizes, and often make claims based
______________ Validity refers to how well a conceptual variable is operationalized?
Construct
Informed Consent is applying what Belmont Principal?
Respect for Persons
____________ ________________ is a rule of causation that must show that the causal variable came first and outcome variable came later
Temporal Precedence.