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What is knowing/knowledge?
Scientific Inquiry
Ethics
Research Design Basics
Conceptualization/Operationalization
100

Explain how confirmation bias works.

What is only searching for information that supports your claim and ignoring or finding a reason to discount information that goes against your claim. (it's a form of selective observation that we all fall prey to sometimes)

100
How does objectivity work in social science research?
What is instead of complete objectivity, we talk about intersubjective agreement - if several people agree about a fact or idea, then we treat it as objective because of the probabilistic nature of social science research
100
True or False: as researchers, we only have to report the positive results (where we find that there is a relationship between variables), not the negative ones (when we find there is not a relationship).
What is False - as researchers, we have ethical obligations to the participants and to the scientific field, part of which means revealing any problems with the data or null results
100
What are the 4 units of analysis? And how does that differ from a unit of observation?
What is individual, group, organization, social artifacts. A unit of analysis is what we want to study, whereas a unit of observation is how we get that information (ex. we might want to study how a gang operates as a group (the unit of analysis) but we ask individual gang members (the unit of observation) to tell us about the gang.
100
What 2 characteristics should every variable have to ensure good measurement?
What is exhaustive and mutually exclusive
200
If we boil all the ways of knowing something down into 2 types of realities, what are those 2 realities?
What is agreement and experiential (observation)
200

Daily Double! In what ways might secondhand knowledge (agreement) impact our knowledge seeking?

What is it could help (we don't have to experience everything ourselves) or hurt (what if the prior generations were wrong and we never tested it ourselves?)

200

Explain the difference between confidentiality and anonymity.

What is confidential is having the personally identifiable information but promising not to reveal it publicly, whereas anonymity is never collecting that information at all (therefore not having the possibility of revealing it publicly).

200
What type of cause is found in this statement: If x is present, y WILL occur.
What is a sufficient cause - if x is there, that's all that's needed for y to happen, therefore it is sufficient.
200
What is the proper order of the 3 types of definitions in the conceptualization process?
What is a real definition, conceptual definition, operational definition
300
Define the term 'research'.
What is the scientific investigation into or of a specifically identified phenomenon. The conscientious, meticulous, systematic study of an issue, problem, or subject.
300
What are the 4 purposes of research?
What is exploratory, descriptive, explanatory, applied
300
Explain how voluntary participation might threaten generalizability
What is those who choose to be involved in the research might be different than those who choose not to - means that the results that we get may not truly represent the whole population because we only get the type of person who is willing to give their time to the study.
300
What are the 3 criteria needed to allow us to discuss causation between variables?
What is 1) an empirical relationship between variables, 2) temporal order, 3) no alternative explanations or spurious variables impacting the relationship
300
What are the 4 levels of measurement (in the correct order from least to most information)
What is nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio
400
What are the 4 types of errors that can happen in our observations?
What is inaccurate observation, overgeneralization, selective observation, illogical reasoning
400

Explain how the Kansas City Preventative Patrol study illustrates the 2 realities of how we know what we know.

What is experiential because it was actually an experiment that allowed for observation of differences between the 3 levels of patrol. Agreement because the basis for the study was that preventative patrol serving the omnipresent idea of police would help deter crime - this was agreed on by everyone prior to the study.

400
What document did the principles Respect for Persons, Beneficience, and Justice come from?
What is The Belmont Report in 1979
400
What are the 4 kinds of validity we discussed in determining the accuracy of causal statements?
What is 1) statistical conclusion validity, 2) internal validity, 3) external validity, 4) construct validity
400
What are the 3 ways to test for reliability in your measurements?
What is the test-retest method, interrater reliability, the split-half method
500

When we study individuals, instead of discussing each individual case we talk about the collection of individuals called a(n):

What is aggregate

500
Which logic system moves from specific to general?
What is inductive - grounded theory uses this system because it starts with specific examples of behaviors or relationships between variables in individuals and creates theory (or general guiding principles/hypotheses) off of it.
500
What 2 ideas are now used to ensure ethical consideration by either providing guidelines for behavior, or looking over research proposals prior to conducting the study?
What is professional codes of ethics, and institutional review boards (IRBs)
500

Explain both the ecological fallacy and the individual fallacy.

What is the ecological fallacy is when we make inferences about individuals but only have group level data (ex. saying that poor people commit crime when all we know is that poor neighborhoods have higher levels of crime - lots of other ways that could happen). The individual fallacy is the opposite - making statements about groups when all we have is an individual example (ex. saying that celebrities get away with crimes because of 1 case like OJ Simpson's - instead we have to talk about probabilities, such as 'out of 100 celebrities, X% have gotten away with crimes').

500

Define face validity

What is face validity is determining that a measure is valid 'on its face', meaning is makes sense on a surface level that the measure would be accurately testing what we're trying to test. This is the weakest form of validity, and really involves very little determinations about accuracy.