Scientific Method
In the Data-Theory cycle, data is also referred to as...
An observation
This variable in an experiment is the one that is manipulated.
Independent variable
What technique would you use to control for order effects in a within-subjects experimental design?
Counterbalancing
In a study on aggressive behavior and anger, a researcher has a question in a survey that says, "I have been frustrated with someone at work and have yelled at them." What is the problem with this prompt?
It's a double-barreled question
This general method of sampling is the best for obtaining a representative sample.
Probability sampling
Where in an APA-style research paper might you find the title of an article that is related to the research done in the that paper?
The Reference page
Dr. Vankawala wants to see if his theory on college student happiness and music has any merit before collecting a lot of data. He conducts a preliminary study to determine if there is an effect. This study it called...
A pilot study
This threat to internal validity is a variable that changes the outcome of an experiment systematically.
Confound or confounding variable
Reverse-worded questions is one way to solve the survey problem of...
acquiescence
Random selection : _________ validity ::
random assignment : _________ validity
External; internal
Marcus is reading a journal article and wants to know if there was roughly equal representation of gender in the study. Where would he find this infromation?
The Methods Section
What would I do in an experiment to avoid selection effects?
When participants in study drop out and fail to complete the entire study.
Attrition
Faking good or faking bad (AKA)
Socially desirable responding
What type of sampling: A food scientist is looking to study attitudes towards her new laboratory-grown meat product. She stands outside of local supermarkets asking customers to fill out a survey.
Convenience sampling
You friend Matt isn't planning on taking the SAT because he thinks that it doesn't measure how well he'll do in college. Matt's complaint is about this type of validity.
Criterion (or predictive) validity
I am conducting an experiment where I am comparing my experimental groups to each other, but the groups are composed of completely unrelated individuals. What is the name of this statistical design?
Independent samples; independent-groups; between-subjects
Dr. Gomez is studying people's racial biases. Some of his questions quickly reveal his purpose in this study, so participants start responding to make themselves look unbiased. Dr. Gomez' questions have a problem with...
Demand Characteristics
When doing an observation, it's better to have more than one observer. However, in order to make sure that all observers are making the same observations, what must the researcher do?
Conduct an inter-rate reliability test; make a code book
What type of sampling: A researcher wants to determine the effectiveness of a new elementary Math program in the state. To do so, she randomly selects 20 schools in the state and then randomly selects 100 students from each school to participate in this survey.
Multistage Sampling
A critical part of making measurable variables, these are sometimes hard to create for some abstract psychological concepts.
Operational Definitions
Dr. Xi is testing his new weight loss drug on a group of obese rats. He administers the drug to all the rats in the group and finds over time that all of them are able to maintain a normal body weight. Why can't Dr. Xi say that his drug helped the rats lose weight?
He didn't have a control group.
Dr. Clark is studying depression due to menopause in middle-aged women. She samples women who have identified themselves as going through the beginning stages of menopause. In her control group, she sees improvement in depressive symptoms over time without therapy and without drug treatments. She finds a correlation between the improvement of depressive symptoms and the decrease of menopausal symptoms over long periods of time. What systematic problem might Dr. Clark be having with her data?
History
If a researcher is concerned about the Hawthorne Effect, what could they do to prevent it?
Conduct a disguised observation
What type of sampling: A sociologist wants to study religiosity among different faiths in the community. He identifies the different faiths in his area and calculates their proportion of the entire population and plans to sample each faith in proportion. He realizes there are very few people of the Zoroastrian faith, so he decides to sample double the amount of people of this faith so he can get a good result.
Oversampling