Foundation
A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables.
Scatter plot
A test is administered to 1,000 fourth graders across the country, and then it is re-administered to the same children 90 days later. The test-retest results will yield an evaluation of the test’s:
Validity.
Reliability.
Cross-cultural fairness.
Factor analysis.
Goodness of fit.
Reliability
Mr. Mackert notes the behavior of people as they wait in line for tickets to concerts. He uses this type of method.
Naturalistic Observation
Correlational research lends itself to these kinds of claims.
What is an association claim?
A group or class of people or objects that you are interested in studying.
What is a population?
A statement of the procedures used to measure research variables.
Operational Definition
Mr. Mackert pilots his newly created perfectionism scale on a high school psychology class. He returns one month later to administer the same test to the same students, and then he correlates the two sets of results. What is Mr. Mackert probably doing?
A .Checking for outliers
B. Standardizing the test
C. Looking to see if the mean level of perfectionism has changed
D. Assessing the test’s validity
E. Measuring the test’s reliability
Mr. Mackert uses a question or statement that contains two negatives, which can muddy the meaning of the question.
What is a double negative?
In an experiment designed to examine whether crowding affects level of hostility, hostility is:
An extraneous variable.
A confound.
The result of the null hypothesis.
The dependent variable.
The independent variable.
The DV
The process of examining every member in a population.
What is a census?
An ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate.
Informed Consent
Validity
A single survey question that actually asks two questions but allows only one answer.
What is a double-barreled question?
In psychology, this has been used to trace the development of children and the clinical progress of patients.
What is a longitudinal design?
Annie is studying the relationship between dating and personality. She visits a local mall and asks shoppers to complete her questionnaire. What kind of sampling method is she using?
Convenience Sampling
An experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies.
Double Blind Experiment
Sampling effects our ability to generalize our results from the sample to the population. This is also known as______ validity
External
Mr. Mackert notices that participants tend to "agree" with a statement just to avoid seeming disagreeable.
What is social desirability bias?
Outliers
____ and _____ are the two broad categories of sampling methods.
Non-probability and Probability sampling
A factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment.
Confounding Variable
Indicates a degree of certainty (as a percentage) that the results of a study fall within a given range of values.
What is the confidence level?
After collecting and analyzing the responses of 2,000 randomly selected study participants, Mindee finds that college juniors who work at paying jobs 15 hours a week get higher grades than juniors who don’t have paying jobs or who work full time. She was using which method?
1. Experimental
2. Naturalistic observation
3. Case study
4. Survey
5. Correlation
Survey
Brandy collects survey data that indicate that students who spend more time preparing for the AP test tend to score better than other students. Brandy can now conclude that:
A. Studying improves exam grades.
B. A relationship exists between studying and exam grades.
C. No significant correlation exists between studying and exam grades.
D. Anyone who does not study will do poorly on the exam.
E. Better students tend to study more.
B. A relationship exists between studying and exam grades.
This approach is used to get adequate representation of different groups within the population.
What is stratified sampling?