-Can enable us to understand the cause of disease so we can more effectively determine treatments and prevention
-It's exciting and challenging
-It's a means by which new knowledge is continually being generated and will produce useful information
100
If we reject the null hypothesis, we suggest...
There is a change in the dependent variable as a result of changes in the independent variable.
(The null hypothesis states that there is no difference of the dependent variable as a result of changes in the independent variable)
100
There are three main principles when considering the ethics of research. List and define two of them.
-Beneficence: The study should 'do good'
-Autonomy: Participation in the study should be voluntary
-Justice: Seeks to ensure that the benefits and burdens of the research are equitable
100
When conducting a survey to determine peoples' incomes, it is better to _________________ than to ask them to write their exact income.
Provide them with categories to choose from
-Less than $5,000
-$5,000 to $10,000
etc.
100
List two reliable sources and one unreliable source for a literature review
Reliable: Peer-reviewed journal article, book, dissertation, report, etc.
Unreliable: .org or .com websites, magazines, some newspapers, etc.
200
In research, there are three important considerations when "Defining the Problem". List two of them.
-Interest in the area
-Significance
-Feasibility
200
When during the research process should a literature review be conducted?
Before the execution of the experiment
200
An approach to descriptive research which follows and evaluates different groups over a long period of time
Longitudinal
(Cross-sectional research evaluates groups at one specific point in time)
200
List two major concerns when conducting distributed questionnaires
Cost, return rate
200
List and define two types of qualitative research
Grounded Theory Method: systematic methodology in the social sciences involving the discovery of a general theory using inductive reasoning
Case Study: involves an intensive and holistic study of an event, activity, program or process.
Life History: a study that covers the lives, in whole or in part, of individuals with a focus on process and context
Phenomenological Research: involves a study that attempts to understand what the participants understand and how they find meaning in their life experiences
Ethnographical Research: describes and interprets a cultural and social group in a natural setting over a prolonged period of time
300
What is the most important stage of research?
Developing the question
(Develop the question, state the hypothesis, establish a research plan, collect and analyze the data, report the results, interpret the data, form a conclusion)
300
A _____ article summarizes numerous original research articles to provide conclusions in certain areas or fields.
Review
300
In the paper we discussed in class, the results of the study suggest _____ supplementation followed by a bout of exercise increases _____-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
Fish oil, high
(In college-aged and middle-aged men)
300
We discussed three different types of research questions. Name and define one of them.
Descriptive questions: describe characteristics of a population. This research usually incorporates surveys and is often qualitative in nature
Relationship questions: determine how variables are associated with one another, but are not used to establish cause and effect.
Difference questions: compare among, between, or within groups of populations
300
List and define two common sources of error in research (ie the _____ effect)
-Hawthorne effect: when subjects change their normal behavior in response to being studied, rather than as a result of experimental manipulation.
-Placebo effect: when a subject’s awareness of treatment alters their behavior
-John Henry effect: The subject knows they are in the control group and tries harder to respond as if they were in the treatment group.
-Halo effect: when an initial impression may affect subsequent ratings
-Central Error Tendency: participants will tend to place their rating of a factor near the middle of the scale
-Participant-Research interaction: some characteristic of the researcher (gender or personality) may elicit a better or worse response of the participant.
-Post-Hoc Error: the researcher assumes that there is a cause and effect relationship when there is none.
400
Vitamin A deficiency causes emphysema. Most cases of emphysema are caused by cigarette smoking. Benzopyrene in cigarettes induces vitamin A deficiency. Therefore, cigarette smoking causes vitamin A deficiency that causes emphysema.
This is a type of _____ reasoning
Inductive
(Deductive: Smokers get emphysema. You smoke. You will get emphysema)
400
A decision-making process which begins with participants completing questionnaires. Then, a facilitator summarizes the group's responses into an opinion, and the participants reevaluate their position.
The Delphi Method
-Used when a company attempts to decide on a mission statement
400
Maturation or aging, statistical regression, selection bias and a high drop out rate are all factors which affect _____ validity.
Internal
Factors affecting external validity:
Interaction effect of testing, interaction effect of selection bias and experimental treatment, reactive effect of the experimental setting
_____ involves non-numerical data with the assumption that the environment is changing
Qualitative
(Quantitative research involves numerical data with the assumption that the conditions are stable and unchanging)
500
List and define two of the three types of experimental designs:
Pre-experimental designs: do not use random sampling and have less control over variables that may affect the outcome. Have only one group, which weakens the internal validity.
True experimental designs: are well controlled and incorporate random sampling of participants and random assignment of participants to groups.
Quasi-experimental design: occurs when existing groups are used which are not randomly selected or randomly assigned to a specific treatment.
_____s of a study include the type and number of subjects and the type of instruments necessary to carry out the research. They also narrow the scope of the research.
Delimitations
500
Briefly state the results of two different "studies" which were presented by your peers in class. One may be your own study.