Levels of Measurement & Causality
After conducting and transcribing 30 interviews and transcribing, we now have non-________ data to analyze
What is non-numeric
A researcher acquires a *list* of all EC students to sample from.
What is a sampling frame?
The variable that is used to predict an outcome of interest.
What is an independent variable?
A true experimental design creates groups by _______ assignment
What is random
Religiosity as measured by -"How important is religion to you"?
Not Very Important
Fairly Important
Very Important
Most Important Thing in My Life
What is ordinal level of measurement?
The responses to the interviews on drugs and gender where organized into several ________ on control, coercion, and motherhood.
What are themes
When individuals enter a group for reasons other than random assignment, you have __________ bias
What is selection
Temperature in Fahrenheit
What is interval level of measurement?
Choosing to look ONLY at things that are in line with our preferences/beliefs
After random sample from a population, differences such as age or income between the sample and the population may be present.
What is sampling error
A "fake" treatment given to the control group
What is Placebo?
To support causal order, one variable has to precede another in time.
What is temporal order?
A common limitation of qualitative research is that findings cannot be applied to other/broader populations
After contacting 100 students for a survey, only 54 responded. The survey results likely have ______ bias.
What is non-response bias?
Variation in the treatment is associated with variation in the observed outcome, but through an unidentified process
What is treatment misidentification?
To support causal claims, covariates/confounders are included to adjust for non-__________.
OR
Relationship between two variables that is not due to variation in a third variable.
What is non-spuriousness.
In preparation for analysis, you may take recorded interviews and _______ them to words.
What is transcription
To have true probability sample, every unit that is in the sampling frame must have a known and ______ probability of selection.
Ice-cream sales and shark attacks seem correlated. Temperature/summer is the __________.
What is a confounder/covariate/control variable
The ultimate goal of experimental design
What causal inference