Variables
“dependent variable” or the variable that you’re most interested in understanding and predicting.
Criterion
alternative explanations that can threaten internal validity
Confound
at least one variable is manipulated and at least one variable is measured.
Experiment
when the effect of one IV depends on the level of another IV.
Interaction
a subdiscipline in psychology focusing on how cultural contexts shape human thinking, feeling, and behavior.
Cultural Psychology
“independent variables” in regression analysis
Predictor
A reduction in participant numbers from pretest to posttest.
Attrition
different groups of participants are placed at different levels of the IV
Between subjects
or
Independent Measures
unique conditions
Cells
An aspect of external validity in which the focus is on whether a laboratory study generalizes to real-world settings
–(aka mundane realism)
Ecological Validity
a variable whose levels are selected (measured) not manipulated.
Participant
When being exposed to one condition affects how participants respond to other conditions
Order Effects
each participant is presented with all levels of the IV
Within Subjects
An experiment in which there are two or more IVs. The IVs are also called factors.
Factorial design
When a study takes place in the real world, it occurs in a ___________ and has high external validity.
Field Setting
a step between two variables
Mediator
when the participants in one level of the IV are systematically different than the participants in the other level or levels of the IV.
Selection Effects
Quasi-experimental
the overall effect of one IV on the DV, averaging over levels of the other IV, and it identifies a simple difference.
Main Effect
This mode is used when researchers want to generalize the findings from the sample in the study to a larger population of interest.
Generalization Mode
When the relationship between two variables changes depending on the level of another variable, that other variable is called a
Moderator
when some external or “historical” event affects most members of the treatment group at the same time as the treatment.
History
researchers observe a baseline of behavior before treatment, next observe the behavior during treatment, and then remove the treatment to see whether the behavior reverts back (the _______ period).
Reversal
The means for each level of an IV, averaging over levels of the other IV.
Marginal Means
Laboratory research can be just as realistic as research conducted in the real world
Experimental Realism