Research Process
The main difference between Quantitative and Qualitative methods
Data
Experiments run by Yale researcher that sought to identify the conditions under which ordinary citizens would be obedient to authority figures instructions to inflict pain on others.
What is Stanley Milgram's experiments?
A mental image that summarizes a set of similar observations, feelings or ideas.
What is a concept?
Generate a set of individuals or other entities that give us a valid picture of all such individuals or other entities.
What is the purpose of sampling?
It has two comparison groups, random assignment, and needs to assess change in the dependent variable. It is the gold standard of establishing causality.
What is true experiment?
A logically interrelated set of propositions about empirical reality.
What is theory?
A group of organizational and community representatives required by federal law to review the ethical issues in all proposed research that is federally funded, involves human subjects, or has any potential for harm to human subjects.
What is Institutional Review Board?
The process of specifying the operations that will indicate the value of a variable for each case.
What is Operationalization?
A sample that looks like the population from which it was selected in all respects that are potentially relevant to the study.
What is a representative sample?
Concerning validity in experiment, ___ happens when characteristics of the experimental and comparison group subjects differ.
What is selection bias?
The type of research in which a specific expectation is deduced from a general premise and is then tested.
Deductive Research
An ethical principle commonly used by IRB to evaluate research that considers benefits and risks.
Benefits of Research should outweigh risks
A measurement of a variable in which the numbers indicating a variable's values specify only the order of the cases, permitting greater than and less than distinctions.
What is ordinal level of measurement?
Sampling methods that rely on a random, or chance, selection method so that the probability of selection of population elements is known.
What is probability sampling methods?
An interview method that actively engages interviewees in a dialogue about the intended meaning of their comments.
What is intensive interview?
This step of research includes the following elements: summarize prior research, critique prior research, present pertinent conclusions.
What is literature review?
A particular ethical issue for experiment, which is about how much researchers can influence the benfits subjects receive as part of the treatment being studied in a field experiment.
What is selective distribution of benefits?
A measurement of a variable in which the numbers indicating a variable's values represent fixed measuring units, and there is an absolute zero point.
What is ratio level of measurement?
The outcome that would have occurred if the subjects who were exposed to the treatment actually were not exposed but otherwise had had identical experiences to those they underwent during the experiment.
What is counterfactual?
Unstructured group interviews in which a group leader actively encourages discussion among participants on the topic of interests.
What is a focus group?
The type of validity that is achieved when a conclusion that one phenomenon leads to or results in another phenomenon -- or doesn't lead to or result in another -- is correct.
What is internal (causal) validity?
_____ involves the collection of information from a sample of individual through their responses to questions.
What is Survey Research?
A measure is ___ when it yields consistent scores or observations of a given phenomenon on different occasions. Prerequisite for measurement validity.
What is reliability?
An error in reasoning in which incorrect conclusions about indivdual-level processes are drawn from group-level data.
What is ecological fallacy?
This concern of validity for experiment happens when either the experimental group or the comparison group is aware of the other group and is influenced in the posttest as a result.
What is contamination?