Threats to Internal Validity
The possibility that changes in the dependent variable are due to historical events rather than the independent variable represents this threat to internal validity?
What is history?
This type of sampling technique involves selecting individuals who are easily accessible or readily available.
What is convenience sampling?
This type of study design involves the collection of data from a sample at only one point in time.
What is a cross-sectional study?
When the selection of participants is not random, and certain characteristics systemically differ between groups, researchers face this threat to internal validity.
What is selection bias?
This type of variable is the outcome or response variable that researchers measure in an experiment
What is the dependent variable?
Researchers conducting a pre-test and post-test design must be cautious of this threat to internal validity, which refers to changes in participants' scores due to the passage of time rather than the experimental treatment.
What is maturation?
This sampling method involves dividing the population into naturally occurring groups, selecting entire groups at random, and then studying all members within those chosen groups.
What is cluster sampling?
A research design that involves selcting a sample bases on specific characteristics and studying them over an extended period of time is known as this.
What is a longitudinal study?
In a study where the experimenter's expectations unintentionally influence participants' behavior, this threat to internal validity is at play.
What is experimenter bias?
This term describes a testable prediction or a clear and specific statement that guides research and predicts the relationship between variables.
What is a hypothesis?
This threat to internal validity occurs when participants who drop out of the study differ systemically from those who remain, potentially affecting the validity of the results.
What is attrition?
The technique where every individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected for the styudy.
What is simple random sampling?
In an experiment, this group receives no treatment or placebo to serve as a baseline for comparison.
What is the control group?
Researchers studying self-reported behaviors should be cautious of this bias, where participants may exaggerate socially acceptable behaviors and downplay less socially acceptable ones.
What is social desirability bias?
This type of varaible is characterize by categories or labels and cannot be measured in a meaningful numeric way.
What is a categorical variable?
This threat to internal validity occurs when participants in the study are aware of being observed, leading to a change in their behavior.
This method involves ensuring that specific subgroups are represented in the sample in the same proportions that occur in the population.
What is quota sampling?
In research, what type of design involves the collection of data from the same group of subjects over an extended period to examine changes over time?
What is time series design?
Researchers understand that no sample is a perfect match to the population, and any observed differences between them are generally due to what statistical concept?
What is sampling error?
In an experiment, researchers manipulate the independent variable while holding other factors constant. What is the specific name for these held constant factors?
What is a control variable?
This threat to internal validity occurs when participants' scores are influenced by their exposure to the pre-test, affecting their performance on the post-test.
What is testing?
Researchers using this method ensure that specific demographic categories, such as age or gender, are proportionally represented in the final sample. What sampling technique is this?
What is stratified random sampling?
In this experimental design, participants are randomly assigned to either the experimental group or the control group, and the dependent variable is measured only after the treatment is administered. What is this design called?
What is the post-test only control group design?
When conducting experiments or surveys, researchers encounter this type of error that can affect the accuracy of measurements. What is the term for this unintentional, unpredictable variability?
What is random error?
In research, what term refers to the process of defining and measuring abstract concepts in a way that makes them observable and quantifiable?
What is operationalization?