APA Format
Use this Latin abbreviation when a source has three or more authors.
What is et al.?
This is a structured, systematic process used by scientists to investigate phenomena, acquire new knowledge, or correct and integrate previous knowledge.
What is the scientific method?
This is a first hand report of observation or research written by the individuals who actually conduced the research and made the observations
What is a primary source?
This core concept requires that participants are fully aware of a study's risks and benefits before agreeing to join.
What is informed consent?
Written in 1979, this foundational U.S. document outlines the three core ethical principles for human subject research.
What is the Belmont Report?
References are organized using this sorting method based on the first author's last name.
What is alphabetical order?
A testable explanation or educated guess for a set of observations, often written as an "If... then..." statement.
What is a hypothesis ?
The factor that is measured or observed; it changes in response to the manipulation.
What is a dependent variable ?
The ethical principle of maximizing benefits for research participants while minimizing any potential risks or harms.
What is beneficence?
The infamous, highly unethical 40-year clinical study in Alabama that withheld syphilis treatment from African American men.
What is the Tuskegee Syphilis Study?
The two pieces of information required in a standard parenthetical citation for a paraphrased idea.
hat are the author's last name and publication year?
Seeks answers by the use of logical reasoning and not observations
What us rationalism or radical thinking
This type of data involves numbers, measurements, and counts.
What is quantitative data
Explaining the true purpose and hidden details of an experiment to participants right after their involvement has ended.
What is debriefing?
The 1960s social psychology study where participants were ordered to deliver what they believed were painful electric shocks to a stranger.
What is the Milgram Obedience Experiment?
This punctuation mark is used to separate multiple studies cited within the same set of parentheses.
What is a semicolon?
Information that is accepted as true because it has always been believed or because superstition supports it
What is the method of tenacity?
Research that is directed toward solving practical problems is often classified as
What is applied research ?
The ethical principle ensuring a fair distribution of the burdens and benefits of research across different groups of people.
What is justice?
This 1947 document established the first set of international guidelines for human experimentation following World War II trials.
What is the Nuremberg Code?
This format is required for a direct quote that contains 40 or more words.
What is a block quotation?
Involves using a relatively small set of specific observations as the basis for forming a general statement about a larger set of possible observations
What is inductive reasoning (or induction)
In.a correlational study, this is when two measurements change in opposite directions as one increase the other decreases
What is a negative relationship
This ethical obligation means keeping a participant's identity hidden and ensuring their data cannot be traced back to them.
What is anonymity (or confidentiality)?
This declaration, developed by the World Medical Association, serves as the cornerstone for global medical research ethics.
What is the Declaration of Helsinki?