Measurement
When psychologists use multiple operational definitions of the same construct—either within a study or across studies—they are using this
What are Converging Operations?
The branch of philosophy that is concerned with morality - what it means to behave morally and how people can achieve that goal.
What is Ethics?
If deception is necessary for your research study, it is acceptable to wait until this point in your study to disclose the true research question, as long as you describe the procedure, risks, and benefits during the informed consent process.
What is Debriefing?
Participants in survey research are often referred to as
Who are Respondents?
Done in such a way that each individual in the population has an equal probability of being selected for the sample
What is Simple Random Sampling?
This level of measurement is used for categorical variables and involves assigning scores that are category labels.
What is the Nominal Level?
Guidelines that people live by to make sure they are doing the right thing. These include things like honesty, fairness, and equality.
What are Moral Principles?
During debriefing, if deception was used, the researcher should reveal what two components?
What are The Research Question and The Full Design of the Study?
An ordered set of responses that participants must choose from
What is a Rating Scale?
A common alternative to simple random sampling - the population is divided into different subgroups or “strata” (usually based on demographic characteristics) and then a random sample is taken from each “stratum.”
What is Stratified Random Sampling?
This level of measurement involves assigning scores so that they represent the rank order of the individuals.
What is the Ordinal Level?
In order to avoid _______, Psychologists do not present portions of another’s work or data as their own, even if the other work or data source is cited occasionally.
What is Plagiarism?
This should be offered to all participants, regardless of how they were recruited. This should be given orally and in writing to ensure the participants know what they are agreeing to.
What is Informed Consent?
All psychological research involves selecting this, which includes individuals from the population of interest
What is a Sample?
Larger clusters of individuals are randomly sampled and then individuals within each cluster are randomly sampled. This is the only probability sampling method that does not require a sampling frame.
What is Cluster Sampling?
This level of measurement involves assigning scores using numerical scales in which intervals have the same interpretation throughout.
What is Interval Level?
First published in 1953 and has been revised several times since then, most recently in 2010, this includes about 150 specific ethical standards that psychologists and their students are expected to follow.
What is the APA Ethics Code (or The APA’s Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct)?
The full name for IRB.
What is Institutional Review Board?
Sampling falls into these two broad categories:
What are Probability Sampling and Non-Probability Sampling?
Occurs when a sample is selected in such a way that it is not representative of the entire population and therefore produces inaccurate results
What is Sampling Bias?
This level of measurement involves assigning scores in such a way that there is a true zero point that represents the complete absence of the quantity.
What is the Ratio Level?
Two things that you should do to establish an ethical research study include identifying and minimizing these.
What are Risks and Deception?
This will generally require writing a protocol that describes the purpose of the study, the research design and procedure, the risks and benefits, the steps taken to minimize risks, and the informed consent and debriefing procedures. This is based on the specific policies and procedures at your institution or for your course.
What is Institutional Approval (or IRB Approval)?
Non-probability sampling includes these four sub-sampling options
What are Convenience, Snowball, Quota, and Self-Selection Sampling?
The one form of sampling bias that even careful random sampling is subject to. It is almost never the case that everyone selected for the sample actually responds to the survey.
What is Non-Response Bias?