The Research Process
Name a type of validity
Ecological validity
Cross-cultural validity
Construct validity
etc.
Define indenpendent variable & dependent variable
IV - What is being manipulated
DV - What is being measured
State two sampling technique
Purposive sampling
Snowball sampling
Stratified sampling
Opportunity sampling
Self-selected/volunteer sampling
etc.
What is the difference between experimental hypothesis & null hypothesis?
Experimental - predicts the exact result of the manipulation of the IV on the DV
Null - Predicts that there will be no results or that the result will be due to chance.
Define social desirability bias
The tendency of people wanting to present a positive picture of themselves and hence may not tell the truth when asked personal questions.
Differentiate validity and reliability
Validity - how applicable the research is in terms of natural human behavior
Reliability - how effective the method is in studying behavior and how replicable it is
What is the benefit of having a control condition in an experimental study?
Allows for the cross-comparison between experimental results & control results, allowing for a correlation to be established
State two types of interview methods
Semi-structured
Unstructured
Eliminates researcher bias
Time-effective
Provides holistic interpretation of evidence
Name three types/settings of experimental methods
Laboratory Experiments
Field Experiments
Natural Experiments
State 5 ethical considerations
Informed consent
Deception
Debriefing
Withdrawal from study
Confidentiality
Protection from physical and mental harm
In correlational studies, the independent variable cannot be manipulated. Therefore, no-cause-and-effect relationship can be determined. In which case, it is difficult to determine which variable is effecting the other (e.g. Do violent kids watch more TV or watching more TV lead to violent behavior?) What do you call this?
Bidirectional Ambiguity