Variables
What is correlation and can you use 'cause/affect' verbiage in a correlation?
Correlation is when there is a relationship between 2 variables. no.
What is critical thinking?
The ability to ask questions about significant relationships and think more deeply about a study.
What is one type of replication study?
Either: Direct, Conceptual, or Replication-plus-extension
What is a null hypothesis?
The null hypothesis is the opposite of the hypothesis being tested.
There will be no difference/no relationship.
What is Harking?
The study displays an unexpected result, but the researchers act like it was expected.
What is validity?
The extent to which a study measures what it claims to measure.
What is a meta-analysis?
A statistical analysis that yields a quantitative summary of scientific literature.
What is a treatment group?
Those that had a treatment during the experiment/the participants with the manipulation.
What is the file drawer problem?
Null results and opposite results are rarely published.
What is internal validity?
The extent to which a study tests the hypothesis it was supposed to test/the extent to which you can be confident that a cause-and-effect relationship established in a study cannot be explained by other factors.
Why might a study not be replicated?
Contextually sensitive effects.
Number of replication attempts.
Problems with the original study.
What is a control group?
Those that didn't take a treatment so they can be used to compare with the treatment group.
What is p-hacking and why is it unethical?
Researchers try many ways of analyzing their data, so the result is likely to be more of a fluke rather than a true, replicable pattern.
What is external validity?
How well the study can be generalized to the wider population.
What is the difference between quantitative and qualitative?
Quantitative data seeks objective knowledge and deals with numbers unlike qualitative data which seeks meaning and context/outliers - no numbers.
What is a placebo?
A sugar pill that the person taking thinks is the real thing.
What is an example of variables used in a causational relationship?
What is bad with using small samples?
A few chance values can influence results/less precise and reliable.
What is reliability?
The extent to which a study has been replicated to ensure the results are not just luck. Reliable/consistent.
(If a study gets the same results again and again it is said to have test-retest reliability)
What is a type of nonprobability sampling?
Volunteer, Convenience, Quota sampling, Snowball sampling, Purposive
What is a true experiment?
Manipulate a variable, random assignment to groups