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Scales of Measurement
Measurement Reliability
Measurement Validity
Sampling
Types of Research
100
Also known as the classification scale because the values of the variable are mutually exclusive and exhaustive categories, so that each object or person can be assigned to only one category. Examples of these measurements in PT include blood type, type of breath sound and type of arthritis
What is nominal scale
100
The consistency or equivalence of repeated measurements made by the same person over time
What is intrarater reliability
100
The degree to which a measurement reflects the meaningful elements of a construct and the items in a test adequately reflect the content domain of interest and not extraneous elements. For example, the McGill Pain Questionnaire may have greater _____________ than a VAS because, in addition to pain intensity, it assesses the location, quality, and duration of pain.
What is content validity
100
The sample is selected from subjects who are readily available to the researcher
What is convenience sampling
100
Recording, analyzing, and interpreting conditions that exist for the purpose of classification and understanding a clinical phenomenon
What is descriptive research
200
A measurement scale where the intervals between adjacent values are equal and there is a true zero point. Examples in PT include ROM (degrees), distance walked (m), time to complete an activity (s), and nerve conduction velocity (m/sec)
What is ratio
200
The consistency or equivalence of repeated measurements made on the same individual on separate occasions. This can be affected by the interval between tests, effects of fatigue or learning, and changes in the characteristic being measured
What is Test-Retest reliability
200
The validity of the measurement is established by comparing it to either a different measurement often considered to be a "gold standard" or data obtained by different forms of testing.
What is criterion-related validity
200
The population is divided into clusters or areas (usually along geographic boundaries) and a random sample of clusters is selected. Then, all of the units in the selected samples are measured.
What is cluster sampling
200
Research that derives data from observation, interviews or verbal interactions and focuses on the meanings and interpretations of the participants
What is qualitative research
300
A measurement scale where the intervals between adjacent values are equal, but there is no true zero point. Examples in PT include temperature of the F or C scale and some developmental and functional status tests
What is interval
300
The consistency or equivalence of measurements made by more than one person.
What is interrater reliability
300
The degree to which a theoretical construct is measured by a test or measurement. Evidence of this type of validity is through logical argument based on theoretical and research evidence. For example, MMT scores would have this type of validity as indicators of innervation status of muscle if there was a relationship between MMT scores and the results of EMG testing
What is Construct validity
300
Also called proportional or quota random sampling, the population is divided into homogenous subgroups and then a simple random sample is drawn from each
What is stratified random sampling
300
Examines the dimensions of a phenomenon of interest and its relationships to other factors
What is exploratory research
400
This scale is used to measure neurological "tone"
What is Modified Ashworth Scale
400
Also known as parallel forms reliability, it assesses the consistency or agreement of measurements obtained with different forms of a test. This is essential if the different forms of the test are to be used interchangeably. For example, different forms of standardized tests like the SAT, GRE, and NPTE can be administered each year as long as the different versions of the tests are considered equivalent measures.
What is alternate forms reliability
400
The degree to which a measurement appears to test what it is supposed to. Although this type of validity is insufficient documentation of validity, it is an important form of validity because patients may not be compliant with repeated testing if they don't see how the measurements derived from the tests relate to their specific problem.
What is face validity
400
Subjects are selected by taking every nth subject from the population. The size of the interval is based on the size of the population and the desired sample size.
What is systematic sampling
400
Research based on collected objective data that can be subjected to statistical analysis
What is quantitative research
500
This scale of measurement is also known as a ranking scale. The data are ranked on the basis of a property of the variable, but the intervals between the ranks may not be equal or known. Examples in PT include MMT grades, levels of assistance, pain, and joint laxity grades.
What is ordinal scale
500
The extent to which items or elements that contribute to a measurement reflect one basic phenomenon or dimension. For example, in PT a functional assessment scale should only include items that relate to patients' physical function.
What is internal consistency
500
A form of criterion-related validity in which an interpretation is justified by comparing a measurement to a "gold standard" measurement at approximately the same time.
What is concurrent validity
500
Subjects have an equal chance of being selected for the sample. This sampling method often relies on a table of random numbers or a random number generator on a computer to determine the sample.
What is simple random sampling
500
Comparing two or more conditions for the purpose of determining cause and effect relationships between independent and dependent variables
What is experimenental research