Week 1- What even is research anyways?
is the extent to which an activity is practical and practicable. ___ is about whether or not an activity or intervention is physically, culturally or financially
practical or possible within a given context
What is feasibility (FAME)
A study that involves subjects receiving an intervention and the investigators want to know if persons changed on an outcome after participating in the intervention. All subjects get the intervention, time is the only thing that's varied/ is the exposure
pre-post studies
the processes that leads you to deviate from the truth in answering a research question. its related to the study design and is independent of the sample size and statistical significance
what is bias
what type of pre-experimental design compares outcomes between groups post-intervention
static group comparison design
with this type of sampling every element in the population has an equal chance of being included in the sample
"knowledge is established through the meaning attached to the phenomena
studied” and the researcher interacts with the participant.
used to explain or predict a response, outcome or result and are manipulated or changed by researchers (Intervention, drug, stimulus)
independent variable or exposure variable
the population that you wish to generalize your results; define from inclusion/exclusion criteria
what is the target population
this study design does not randomize the sample, but may have a control group or mechanically manipulate independent variable (an intervention), can have a non equivalent control group design, an interrupted time series or both
what is a quasi experimental design
this type of non-probability sampling uses a deliberate selection of participants based on certain criteria (may want to only sample certain people with select knowledge)
what is purposive sampling
The 3 main principles of the Tri-council policy statement for ethical conduct for research involving humans.
1. respect for persons
2. Concern for welfare (beneficence)
3. justice
an instrument designed to measure the impact of an intervention This instrument has undergone rigorous development and has substantiated reliability and validity
outcome measure
Designs that do not randomize the sample, or mechanically manipulate the independent variable (an intervention) but may have a control group. They may statistically manipulate independent variable
what is non-experimental designs
This process involves the participants, the persons who delivered the intervention, and the persons who assessed the outcomes not know which group had the intervention and which was the control
what is blinding or masking
this type of statistical analysis is used to draw conclusions about population parameters based on data from a sample
inferential
"Knowledge that is discovered and verified though direct observations or
measurements of phenomena” and the researcher is independent of the study participant
what is a positivist paradigm
Clustering of a sample at one or other end of the score.
floor and ceiling effects
this is used in case-control studies to estimate the strength of the association between exposure and outcome
what is the odds ratio
this statistic assesses the magnitude of the effect due to the intervention
0.2 to 0.5 is _____?
what is effect size
small effect size
a relationship between two ordinal characteristics, or when numerical variable’s distributions are skewed non-parametric
spearman rank correlation
when is ethical review boards (REB) required
hint (2 reasons)
1. research involving humans
2. research involving human biological materials, human embryos, fetuses, fetal tissue, reproductive materials and stem cells (from living and deceased individuals)
this measurement type of quantitative date can have only a certain defined set of values
what is dichotomous or binary (2 levels)
The best design for determining the incidence and natural history of a condition
cohort study
this tells you if the results produced by the intervention are statistically significant when compared to the results produced by the control group
what is the P-value
a statistical test used to compare the means of two or more independent samples (using the F distribution).
what is ANOVA