Baker
Moving from one language to another, inside a sentence or across sentences.
What is code-switching?
Emerged at the federal level to refer to children from birth to age eight who are exposed to English while still learning their home language (National Head Start Training and Technical Assistance Resource Center, 2008).
What are Dual Language Learners (DLL's)?
A term that refers to the children's potential in developing their bilingualism; it does not suggest a limitation or a problem in comparison to those who speak English.
What is emergent bilinguals?
The use of a few content words as an entire utterance; this type of speech is also typical of a period of language acquisition by very young children learning their first language.
What is telegraphic speech?
A superconducting quantum interference device to pick up the magnetic fields that change as we do our thinking.
What is a magnetoencephalography machine?
Approximately equal competence in two languages.
What is balanced bilingualism?
Instruction that typically results in a decline of home language skills and no greater gains in English for emergent bilinguals.
What is English-only instruction for emergent bilinguals?
Strategies that are selected according to the beliefs of the teacher, the needs of the learner and the demands of the task.
What are pedagogical practices?
Young children using unanalyzed chunks or formulaic phrases in situations in which others have been observed to use them.
What is formulaic speech?
The period in development in which babies try to master which sounds are used in their language.
What is the first critical period in language development?
Having two or more words for each object and idea.
What is elasticity in thinking?
Two states that mandate bilingual instruction at the preschool level (Bridges & Dagys, 2012).
What is Illinois and Texas?
Students who have been identified in the U.S. Census as speaking in English less than well.
What are limited English proficient (LEP)?
When second-language-learning children acquire a number of vocabulary items and useful phrases and they can begin building their own sentences, not just continuing to repeat formulaic phrases or names for people and things.
What is productive language use?
[One who] can discriminate the sounds of [their] own language, but not those of foreign languages.
What are culture-bound listeners?
A person who knows and/or uses three languages or more.
What is multilingual?
Children would be free to use all their words (and languages) in school and where they saw their home language elevated and honored in the same manner as English (Garcia 2009).
What is translanguaging strategies ?
Students who speak languages other than English in the United States.
What are Limited English proficient students?
The way that children figure out the meaning of a word or phrase might be and how it might be used.
What is the acquisition process?
Babies that can discriminate all the sounds of all languages.
What is Kuhl definition of "citizens of the world"?
Having a wider linguistic repertoire, enhanced learning strategies, cognitive flexibility, metalinguistic awareness, and the development of enhanced linguistic-cognitive processing strategies may help explain this positive effect of bilingualism.
What is the thinking advantages of bilinguals?
The largest ethnic minority in the US, and who are overwhelmingly (72.9%) Spanish speakers (US Census Bureau, 2016).
What are Latinos?
Former Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages, is the largest professional organization for teachers of English as a second or foreign language.
What is the TESOL international Association?
[The use of] "me" as the first-person subject of the construction [of a sentence].
What is a vertical construction?
Bilinguals must keep two sets of [these] in mind at once and flip between them, one after the other, depending on who their speaking to.
What are statistics?