air pathways kinda
What is the order of bronchi/bronchioles to alveoli?
Trachea --> primary bronchi--> secondary bronchi --> bronchioles (terminal to respiratory) --> alveoli
How many lung lobes are in a pigs left lung?
2: cranial and caudal
After the mouth, what three parts are present in the throat before trachea?
Epiglottis, pharynx, and larynx!
When does new air enter the respiratory cycle?
during the second inspiration
Why do birds have greater oxygen requirements?
They have very fast metabolism and travel in higher elevations (lower oxygen air levels possible)
Cartilaginous rings for primary and secondary to keep from collapsing
How many lung lobes are in a pigs right lung?
4: cranial, middle, caudal, and accessory
What is known as the gatekeeper of the trachea?
Bonus: what is sometimes called the Adams Apple?
- the Larynx contains the epiglottis which closes or opens to cover trachea when food or air enters.
Bonus: the thyroid cartilage in the larynx
How many inspirations and expirations are needed to complete the respiratory cycle?
Two inspirations, two expirations
What is the difference between air capillaries vs air sacs? (IN BIRDS)
Capillaries exchange gas, air sacs do not
What are the bronchioles made of and why?
made of smooth muscle that controls the diameter/radius of the respiratory passages
What is the Visceral Pluera?
the membrane that covers the lungs directly
What is the glottis and its function?
the opening bit of the vocal cords in the larynx, it opens to breath but closes when swallowing or speaking.
What is the structure between the secondary bronchi? and what does it contain?
The parabronchi, contains air capillaries
What group is associated with the ventrobronchi? and air type?
The anterior (cervical, interclavivular, thorasic)
- old air
In birds, what structure allows for singing (phonation)?
the Syrinx, at the end of the trachea that has a tympanic membrane
What is the parietal pleura?
The membrane that lines the chest wall and diaphragm
What is the function of the epiglottis and what is it?
flap of cartilage that closes over glottis during swallowing to prevent stuff entering trachea
What do air capillaries do?
small, thin lined structures that allow for gas exchange (hand in hand with blood capillaries)
What group is associated with the dorsobronchi? what kind of air?
The posterior (thoracic and abdominal)
- new air
What does the tympanic membrane do in the Syrinx for birds and where is it?
located at entrance of each bronchi
- shape change for frequency, air passes through causing vibration
What is the Pleural Cavity/Sac? what does it help with?
The thin fluid filled sac between the parietal and visceral pleura.
- Pressure and friction
Tidal breathing (25% oxygen)
What two secondary bronchi are associated with a bird lung?
The Dorsal bronchi and the Ventral bronchi
What allows for efficient oxygen exchange? (differing from mammals)
- thinner pulmonary capillaries- shorter distance
- countercurrent flow- enhances the gas gradient
- constant fresh air- 30 to 40 % air oxygen