Anatomy
The main cartilaginous tube that connects the larynx to the bronchi, often called the windpipe.
The trachea.
During inhalation, what change occurs in the volume of the lungs and thoracic cavity?
Lung volume increases.
During inhalation, does the diaphragm move upward or downward?
Downward.
What are the two major phases of the respiratory cycle?
Inspiration and expiration.
Elastic recoil, torque of the ribs, and gravity are all examples of these types of forces that don't require metabolic energy.
Passive forces.
The two spongy organs in the chest; the right one has three lobes, and the left one has only two to make room for the heart
The lungs.
During inhalation, what happens to alveolar pressure compared to atmospheric pressure?
Alveolar pressure decreases below atmospheric pressure.
During exhalation, does thoracic volume increase or decrease?
Decrease.
What occurs first in a normal respiratory cycle?
Inspiration.
Muscular contractions that require energy to expand or compress the thoracic cavity are categorized as these types of forces.
Active forces.
Tiny, grape-like air sacs where gas exchange occurs.
Alveoli.
During exhalation, what natural process causes air to flow out of the lungs?
The lungs recoil and air flows out of the lungs.
Which phase of breathing is usually active during quiet breathing?
Inhalation.
What happens to the rib cage during inspiration?
The rib cage expands upward and outward.
This specific passive force describes the ribs twisting slightly during inhalation and then untwisting naturally to help force air out during exhalation.
Torque.
U-shaped bone above the larynx serving as a muscle anchor.
Hyoid bone.
What respiratory mechanism slows the release of air during speech by keeping inspiratory muscles partially active?
Inspiratory checking is the slowing of exhalation by inspiratory muscles during speech.
Which phase of breathing is mostly passive during quiet breathing?
Exhalation.
What happens to air pressure during expiration?
Air pressure inside the lungs increases above atmospheric pressure.
This passive force describes the natural tendency of the highly elastic lung tissue to snap back to its original, smaller size when stretched.
Elastic recoil.
Double-layered membrane linking the lungs to the chest wall.
Pleura.
During forced exhalation, how do the abdominal muscles assist in generating stronger expiratory airflow?
They compress the abdominal cavity and push the diaphragm upward to increase expiratory force.
Why is exhalation important for speech production?
Exhalation provides the airflow and pressure necessary for phonation and speech.
Why is respiratory control important for speech?
Respiratory control regulates airflow and pressure needed for speech intensity, phrasing, and voice production.
The type of exhalation where active muscle forces completely replace passive forces to compress the lung volume below resting expiratory level
Forced (or active) exhalation.