Adaptive Pressures
Decreases in this gas lead to an evolution of the unidirectional-flow lung
What is oxygen? (Pierson, 2009)
This chemical was excreted in the urine in archosaurs and mammals
What is urea? (Campbell, 1987)
This property of the cardiovascular system is unique to archosaurs and mammals
What is the four-chambered heart? (Seymour, 2016)
This selective pressure led to the Bar-Tailed Godwit evolving specialized respiratory and osmoregulation systems
What is the long migration from Alaska to New Zealand? (Piersma et al., 2021)
This threat posed by a camel's natural habitat forced the evolution of specialized osmoregulation systems
What is dehydration? (Abu Damir et al., 2024)
This property of dinosaurs created a unique challenge for blood circulation
What is a large size? (Pierson, 2009)
This nasal structure in mammals helps prevent water loss from respiration
What are nasal turbinates? (Hillenius, 1992)
This structure evolved to accommodate increased lung mass
What are the ribs? (Claessens et al., 2009)
What is fat storage, cardiovascular system, and flight muscle? (Piersma et al., 2021)
This injury which is typically observed during extreme dehydration in mammals is not seen as extensively in camels
What are kidney lesions? (Abu Damir et al., 2024)
This behavior is considered an adaptive pressure for the evolution of the cardiovascular system in Aves
What is flight?
This clade utilizes creatine recycling during osmoregulation
What are marsupials? (Fraser & Kinnear, 1969)
The bronchoalveolar lung is found in this clade
What is Mammalia? (Maina, 2002)
This organ responsible for osmoregulation decreases in size during migration
What is the kidney? (Piersma et al., 2021)
Concentration of these 5 hormones involved in water regulation are altered during dehydration periods
What are aldosterone, vasopressin, oxytocin, and atrial and B natriuretic peptide (ANP and BNP)? (Abu Damir et al., 2024)
The arid "megamonsoonal" climate of Pangea (Parrish, 1993) put selective pressure on this physiological process
What is water retention?
This mammalian clade is known for its cloaca, a single opening that connects the reproductive, urinary, and digestive tracts
What are monotremes? (Withers et al., 2016)
The parabronchial lung is found in this modern clade
What is Aves? (Maina, 2002)
This organ increases in mass to prepare for long-term flight
What is the heart? (Piersma et al., 2021)
Compared to other mammals, camels are 100x more sensitive to this water-regulation hormone
What is vasopressin? (Abu Damir et al., 2024)
This property of the blood increases with size
What is Mean Arterial Pressure? (Seymour, 2016)
The length of this anatomical feature is proportional to urine concentrating power in mammals
What are Loops of Henle? (Beuchat, 1996)
This ancient clade utilized a hepatic-piston model of respiration
This property of the blood increases in preparation for long-term flight allowing for increased oxygen exchange
What is hematocrit? (Piersma et al., 2021)
This structure of the kidneys that works for counter-current exchange of water and ions is elongated in camels
What are Loops of Henle? (Abu Damir et al., 2024)