respiratory disorders
What is excessively produced in chronic bronchitis by goblet cells?
mucus! Bronchitis is inflammation of the respiratory tract. The key sign is a chronic cough with sputum.
deep or rapid breathing, such as during exercise or playing an instrument
what is forced respiration?
What is alveolar gas exchange?
The movement of O2 and CO2 across the respiratory membrane.
What is the carrier of oxygen in the blood?
Hemoglobin
Hypoxia is commonly marked by what?
the weight of the air above us
Atmospheric (barometric) pressure
What is Henry's Law?
At the air–water interface, for a given temperature, the amount of gas that dissolves in the water is determined by its solubility in water and its partial pressure in air.
What is emphysema and one sign?
The overinflation and collapse of alveoli, which leads to BARREL CHEST (air trapped) and labored breathing (respiratory muscles weak).
the slightly negative pressure that exists between the two pleural layers
intrapleural pressure
What can affect alveolar gas exchange?
Solubility of the gases, Pressure gradients of the gases, Membrane surface area, Membrane thickness, Ventilation–perfusion coupling
What is 90% of CO2 transported to tissues by?
Carbonic acid
what is the first sign of lung cancer?
Coughing up blood.
The ease with which the lungs can expand; change in lung volume relative to a given pressure change
What is pulmonary compliance?
what are the pressure gradients of O2 and CO2 like? (compare normal pressure of air vs blood?)
Normally: PO2 = 104 mm Hg in alveolar air versus 40 mm Hg in blood, PCO2 = 46 mm Hg in blood arriving versus 40 mm Hg in alveolar air
Pressure gradients are the answer to why O2 moves into the blood from the lungs and why CO2 moves out!
What is the breathing correction for respiratory acidosis? and respiratory alkalosis?
Hyperventilation is a corrective response to acidosis.
Hypoventilation is a corrective response to alkalosis.
What are pH imbalances resulting from a mismatch between the rate of pulmonary ventilation and the rate of CO2 production?
Respiratory acidosis and respiratory alkalosis
What is ventilation-perfusion coupling?
Airflow and bloodflow are matched. Pulmonary blood vessels change their diameter depending on airflow to an area of the lungs. Bronchi change diameter depending on blood flow to an area of the lungs.
What is the chloride shift?
The exchange of BICARB OUT HEMOGLOBIN for CHLORIDE ION INTO OF HEMOGLOBIN -- this keeps the process of gas exchange moving because O2 needs the shift to occur to be released from hemoglobin **ONLY TRUE IN SYSTEMIC** OPPOSITE IN ALVEOLAR**