Respiration
This primary muscle helps us breathe by contracting and relaxing
Diapraghm
The main organ that pumps blood through the body
Heart
The main liquid component of blood
Plasma
The pH range for acids
The pH range for acids is from 0 to 6.9.
An element in Group 1 that is highly reactive with water
Sodium (Na) is a highly reactive element in Group 1 that reacts vigorously with water, producing hydrogen gas and releasing heat.
The main organ responsible for gas exchange in our respiratory system
Lungs
Explain the difference between arteries and veins
Arteries carry blood away from the heart; veins carry blood toward the heart.
Function of red blood cells
Red blood cells transport oxygen from the lungs to the body and carry carbon dioxide back to the lungs for exhalation.
What makes a substance an acid?
A substance is an acid if it releases hydrogen ions (H⁺) when dissolved in water.
Properties of Group 2 elements
Group 2 elements are shiny, silvery metals that are less reactive than Group 1, form basic oxides, and readily lose two electrons to form +2 ions.
Explain the difference between inhaling and exhaling
Inhaling on organ level, respiration on cellular level
How does physical fitness impact heart rate and blood circulation?
Physical fitness lowers resting heart rate and improves blood circulation by strengthening the heart and increasing vessel efficiency.
Name the four main blood components
1. Red blood cells
2. White blood cells
3. Platelets
4. Plasma
Explain the neutralization reaction between an acid and base
In a neutralization reaction, an acid reacts with a base to form water and a salt, typically releasing heat. The hydrogen ions (H⁺) from the acid combine with the hydroxide ions (OH⁻) from the base to form water (H₂O).
Characteristics of halogens (Group 7)
Halogens (Group 7) are highly reactive nonmetals, have seven electrons in their outer shell, form salts when combined with metals, and exist as diatomic molecules (e.g., Cl₂, F₂) in their elemental form.
Describe how oxygen moves from lungs to blood cells
Oxygen enters the blood from the alveoli and binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells.
Describe the path of blood through the human heart
Blood enters the right atrium, moves to the right ventricle, is pumped to the lungs, returns to the left atrium, flows into the left ventricle, and is pumped to the body.
Explain how white blood cells defend the body
White blood cells defend the body by identifying and attacking harmful pathogens like bacteria, viruses, and other foreign invaders.
How do alkalis differ from bases?
Alkalis are a subset of bases that dissolve in water to release hydroxide ions (OH⁻), while bases can be either soluble or insoluble in water.
Noble gases and their unique properties
Noble gases are inert, colorless, odorless gases with full outer electron shells, making them non-reactive, stable, and useful in applications requiring non-reactive environments, such as in lighting and insulation.
Analyze the impact of exercise on respiratory rate and oxygen consumption
Exercise increases respiratory rate and oxygen consumption as muscles require more oxygen and energy, leading to faster breathing to meet the demand.
Analyze how cardiovascular exercise improves overall circulation
Cardiovascular exercise strengthens the heart, improves blood vessel elasticity, and enhances oxygen delivery, leading to better overall circulation.
Detailed analysis of blood plasma and its role in the body
Blood plasma is the yellowish, liquid component of blood that makes up about 55% of total blood volume. It plays several critical roles in the body:
1. Transportation: Plasma carries nutrients (such as glucose, amino acids, and lipids), hormones, waste products (like urea), and gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) throughout the body. It also helps transport proteins like antibodies and clotting factors.
2. Regulation of Blood Pressure and Volume: Plasma contains proteins, mainly albumin, which help maintain osmotic pressure. This helps regulate fluid balance between the blood and surrounding tissues, contributing to stable blood volume and pressure.
3. Clotting: Plasma contains clotting factors like fibrinogen, which play an essential role in blood clotting. When a blood vessel is injured, these proteins form a clot to prevent excessive bleeding.
4. Immune Response: Plasma contains antibodies (immunoglobulins) produced by white blood cells, which help defend the body against infections and foreign substances.
5. pH and Temperature Regulation: Plasma helps maintain the body’s pH within a narrow range (around 7.4), which is crucial for proper cellular function. It also aids in temperature regulation by distributing heat generated by the body.
Analyze the role of hydrogen ions in acid-base reactions
Hydrogen ions (H⁺) make a solution acidic. In acid-base reactions, H⁺ from acids combine with OH⁻ from bases to form water, neutralizing the solution.
Compare and contrast the reactivity of Group 1 and Group 8 elements
Group 1 elements (alkali metals) are highly reactive, especially with water and oxygen, due to their single electron in the outer shell, which they easily lose. In contrast, Group 8 elements (noble gases) are very stable and non-reactive because they have full outer electron shells, making them unlikely to form compounds.