atelectasis
what are ways to assess for atelectasis?
-hypoxemia, decreased breath sounds and crackles in the lungs, chest x-ray, O2 sat = <90%
what type of precaution needs to be put in place with a pt who has an active TB infection?
airborne precautions because it is transmitted through droplets in the air (ie coughing, sneezing)
how do you diagnose COPD?
-Hx of it, decreased pulmonary function, spirometry, ABG, chest xray
what are signs and symptoms of emphysema?
-chronic cough, sputum production, dyspnea
-clubbed fingers, barrel chest
what is pneumonia?
inflammation of lung caused by infection of bacteria, mycobacteria, fungi, and viruses
what are the signs and symptoms of atelectasis?
-insidious, increasing dyspnea, cough, sputum production, tachycardia, pleural plain, central cyanosis
what medications are used to treat upper respiratory diseases/infections?
-cough medicines
-NSAIDs
-analgesics
how can you evaluate the extent of COPD?
-ventilation perfusion tests
-pulmonary function tests
-ABGs
what are risk factors for chronic bronchitis?
-smoking, pollution, allergens
what are clinical manifestations of pneumonia?
-tachycardia, dyspnea, coughing, crackles in lungs
-low grade fever
-central cyanosis, desatting
-hypertension and hypotension
what are some causes of atelectasis?
-airway obstruction, not breathing properly, prolonged supine position, increased abdominal pressure
-obstructed airway from secretions, tumors, mucus plugs
how do you diagnose TB?
-PPD mantoux test
-8mm-10mm = (+)
->5mm = (+) if have HIV
what medications are used to treat lower respiratory diseases/infections?
-NSAIDS
-bronchodilators
-antibiotics
what are the criteria for chronic bronchitis?
nagging cough for 3 months out of the year for 2 consecutive years
what are some risk factors of pneumonia?
-comorbid illnesses
-depressed cough reflez
-abnormal swallowing mechanism
-immunocompromised
what are nursing interventions for atelectasis?
-help remove lung secretions w suction
-incentive spirometer, administer O2, hyperinflation therapy, bronchial hygiene, mechanical ventilation
-night sweats, chills, low grade fever, chest pain, back pain, headaches, confusion
-cough >3 weeks, hemoptysis
-loss of appetite, unexplained weight loss, fatigue, blood in urine
what is the main difference between emphysema and chronic bronchitis?
-Chronic bronchitis: inflames the bronchi and has fluctuating symptoms
-Emphysema: gradually destroys the alveoli and almost exclusively causes shortness of breath
how to prevent pneumonia?
-mobilization, speech therapy, proper diet, oral hygiene, vaccination
-incentive spirometer, chest PT, postural drainage, hydration, suction
how can you prevent atelectasis?
-frequently turn pt, early mobilization after surgery, expand lungs with incentive spirometer and manage secretions with suction, deep breathing, pressurized metered dose inhaler
what are some nursing interventions for pneumonia?
-O2, antibiotics, bronchodilators, mucolytic agents