Respiratory Structures
The site of gas exchange and sits in the thoracic cavity.
Lungs
A hollow muscular organ.
Bladder
In this process the ribs move out and up while the diaphragm moves down and flattens.
Inhalation
What three process occur for urine formation?
Filtration, absorption, and secretion
This disease decreases the diameter of the bronchial passages and causes wheezing - especially in cold climates and with exercise.
Asthma
This structure regulates pressure in the chest cavity and causes movement in the ribs.
Diaphragm
There are two of these structures and they carry urine to the bladder.
Ureters
What condition occurs when someone suffers a chest wound (stabbing or shot) without puncturing a lung?
Pneumothorax (collapsed lung)
Fill in the blanks.
The liver is responsible for turning ______ into _______ which then combines with CO2 and can be excreted as ________ in the urine.
Amino acids/proteins, ketones/ammonia, urea.
This disease is diagnosed through a urine test that indicates high urine output with a sweet taste/high sugar content.
Diabetes mellitus
This structure is support by C-cartilage rings and branches off into two other structures.
Trachea
This structure carries blood into the kidney and is attached to a blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood to the kidney.
Renal Artery
Fill in the blanks.
Blood that is _________ comes from the body and into the lungs. _______ defuses out of the blood and into the lungs to be exhaled and _______ defuses from the lungs and into the blood to be used to nourish other organs and tissues.
Deoxygenated, CO2, O2
Blood is brought into the glomerulus by what vessel? How does unfiltered blood leave the glomerulus?
Afferent arteriole and efferent arteriole
A person consumes a fair amount of alcohol and complains of a head ache the next day due to dehydration. What hormone is affected by alcohol and what is its role in the body?
ADH (antidiuretic hormone).
ADH increases the distal tubule and collecting ducts permeability to water allowing for increase water reabsorption into the blood.
This structure is coated with lipoproteins and make up the majority of the lung volume.
Alveoli
This structure carries deoxygenated blood away from the kidneys and connects to another blood vessel.
Inferior Vena Cava
Our bodies require more oxygen than can be dissolved and carried in our blood. How does the body combat this issue?
Hemoglobin + O2 = Oxyhemoglobin
After filtration there are 4 tubes in the rest of the nephron, list them in the order blood would flow through them. Additionally identifying where reabsorption and secretion occur.
Proximal tubule, Loop of Henle, distal tubule, and collecting duct.
Reabsorption = proximal
Secretion = distal
A urine sample in analyzed and shows high protein content in the urine. What disease could cause this and why?
Bright's Disease (nephritis).
Inflammation damages the glomerulus' filtration system allowing larger molecules such as proteins and RBCs to enter into the nephron and get excreted.
The diameter of this structure is controlled by smooth muscle and have cilia. It connects two other structures to the alveoli.
Bronchioles
These TWO structures bring blood into and away from the kidney's filtration system.
Afferent Arteriole and Efferent Arteriole
Fill in the blanks:
________ in the _______ detect changes in CO2 and O2 levels in the blood and control breathing. When CO2 combines with water in the blood it forms _______ which can decrease pH. This is why when someone is hyperventilating they have higher amounts of ______ in their blood, triggering the __________ in the brain, forcing us to inhale more oxygen.
Chemoreceptors, medulla oblongata, carbonic acid, CO2, chemoreceptors
What are the two ways molecules move to be secreted and reabsorbed? Which tubule is lined with mitochondria and why?
1. Active Transport - distal tubule lined with mitochondria to supply energy for movement of nitrogenous compounds, urea, protons etc into filtrate from the blood for excretion.
2. Passive Transport
Fill in the blanks:
The ________ __________ produces ________ which acts on nephron to reabsorb NaCl.
Adrenal gland, aldosterone
This structure remains moist for gas exchange.
Alveoli
Proximal, distal, cortex, medulla
CO2 is transported through the blood in two major ways. One includes another molecule while the other includes a chemical reaction. What are the two transport methods?
1. Carbaminohemolgobin (CO2 combines with hemoglobin)
2. CO2 combines with water in the blood to form carbonic acid.
Pressure. Increased pressure forces the blood/filtrate through the filtration system of the glomerulus.
This disease causes difficulty with exhalation and can cause structures to stretch and rupture. What disease is this?
Emphysema