Respiratory Structure & Function
Gas Exchange & Regulation
Lymphatic System
Innate Immunity
Adaptive Immunity
100
This type of alveolar cell produces surfactant.
Type II pneumocyte
100
An increase in this ion concentration directly stimulates peripheral chemoreceptors.
hydrogen ion (H⁺)
100
This pressure must increase for interstitial fluid to enter lymphatic capillaries.
interstitial hydrostatic pressure
100
These cells are the first to arrive at an infection because they rapidly leave the bloodstream through diapedesis.
Neutrophils
100
These cells are considered immunocompetent yet naïve after leaving the thymus
T lymphocytes
200
A patient has damage to these cells and can no longer efficiently diffuse oxygen into the blood.
Type I pneumocytes
200
These receptors indirectly monitor carbon dioxide by sensing changes in the pH of cerebrospinal fluid.
central chemoreceptors
200
Removal of axillary lymph nodes would most likely cause edema in this region.
Upper limb
200
This inflammatory mediator is responsible for both vasodilation and increased capillary permeability.
Histamine
200
This process allows dendritic cells to activate T lymphocytes.
antigen presentation
300
This structural feature of alveoli maximizes diffusion according to Fick's law
thin respiratory membrane (short diffusion distance)
300
This physiological effect explains why exercising muscle receives more oxygen than resting muscle.
Bohr effect
300
If the valves in lymphatic vessels failed, this would occur.
Backflow and pooling of lymph
300
This complement function enhances phagocytosis by coating pathoge
opsonization
300
These cells are responsible for the rapid and enhanced response to a second exposure to an antigen.
memory cells
400
Loss of surfactant would increase this force, ultimately causing alveolar collapse.
Surface tension
400
A patient hyperventilates for several minutes. The resulting decrease in CO₂ causes hemoglobin to have this relationship with oxygen.
increased affinity for oxygen
400
This structure is unique because it absorbs dietary lipids rather than excess interstitial fluid
Lacteals
400
Natural killer cells induce apoptosis using these two molecules.
perforin and granzymes
400
Without this cytokine, helper and cytotoxic T-cell activation would be severely impaired.
interleukin-2 (IL-2)
500
This bronchus is more likely to trap an aspirated object.
right main bronchus
500
A patient has hypercapnia and a fever. The oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve
shifts in this direction
To the right
500
A blockage in the thoracic duct would impair lymph drainage from all regions EXCEPT this one.
Right upper quadrant
500
A patient taking antihistamines would likely experience a decrease in this cardinal sign of inflammation.
swelling (edema
500
A patient has no functional helper T cells. This branch of immunity would be most severely impaired.
What is both cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immunity?