Protective Mechanisms of the Respiratory System
This helps move mucus, trapped particles, and pathogens out of the respiratory tract to the throat, where they can be swallowed or coughed up.
What is the function of the cilia in the respiratory system?
Respiratory acidosis occurs when CO2 is retained in the body, causing a decrease in blood pH, while respiratory alkalosis occurs when excessive CO2 is exhaled, leading to an increase in blood pH.
What is the difference between respiratory acidosis and alkalosis?
a protein fragment present in the blood after a blood clot breaks down. Elevated levels can indicate the presence of a clot, such as in deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism.
What is a D-dimer?
___ are louder, lower-pitched sounds often associated with fluid in the larger airways, while fine ___ are softer and higher-pitched, typically heard in the small airways and alveoli.
What is the difference between coarse and fine crackles?
Instruct the patient to exhale normally, then inhale slowly and deeply through the mouthpiece, aiming to raise the indicator to the prescribed level. Hold the breath for 3-5 seconds before exhaling.
What is the proper way to perform incentive spirometry?
lung elasticity decreases, respiratory muscle strength diminishes, and the ability to clear mucus declines, leading to reduced lung function and increased risk of respiratory conditions.
What happens to lung function as we age?
____ is used to drain air, blood, or fluid from the pleural space to re-expand the lung and restore normal breathing.
What is the purpose of a chest tube?
traps dust, bacteria, and other foreign particles, preventing them from reaching the lungs and causing infection or irritation.
How does the mucous membrane protect the lungs?
Hyperventilation caused by anxiety, fever, or pain can lead to...
What conditions may cause respiratory alkalosis?
measures oxygen and carbon dioxide levels, blood pH, and bicarbonate levels, providing important information about a person's respiratory and metabolic state.
What is an ABG?
Wheezing, a high-pitched, whistling sound, is common in asthma due to narrowed airways.
What is asthma?
Shake, breathe out fully, place the mouthpiece in the mouth, and press the inhaler while inhaling deeply. Hold the breath for 10 seconds to allow the medication to reach the lungs.
How do you administer an inhaler correctly?
affects the chemoreceptor response to changes in blood gases, reducing the sensitivity to CO2 and O2 levels, which can impair the regulation of ventilation.
How does aging impact the regulation of ventilation?
The system uses a sealed container to remove air, blood, or fluid from the pleural space and prevent air from entering the chest. It relies on gravity or suction to facilitate drainage.
How does a closed chest drainage system work?
serves as a passageway for air from the nasal cavity to the larynx and also filters, warms, and moistens the air before it enters the lungs.
What role does the pharynx play in respiration?
can lead to a decrease in lung elasticity, reduced respiratory muscle strength, and a decline in the efficiency of gas exchange, making older adults more susceptible to respiratory infections and disorders.
What is the effect of aging on respiration?
measures the concentration of carbon dioxide in exhaled air. It is used to monitor ventilation, assess respiratory status, and detect issues like hypoventilation.
What is capnography, and what does it indicate?
is a high-pitched, harsh sound that occurs during inhalation, often indicating an upper airway obstruction.
What is stridor?
Adjust the oxygen flow rate according to the doctor's orders and ensure the patient is using oxygen appropriately to prevent further CO2 retention or respiratory depression.
What should be done if a COPD patient on oxygen feels they need more?
Answer: Aging causes the lung tissue to lose its elasticity, which reduces lung compliance (the ability of the lungs to expand), making it harder to take in air.
What is lung compliance?
Signs include excessive drainage, air bubbling in the water seal chamber (indicating a leak), or no drainage at all, which may signal obstruction or displacement.
What are the signs of abnormal chest tube operation?
helps expel mucus, foreign particles, and pathogens from the airways, thereby protecting the lungs from infection and obstruction.
How does coughing reflex protect the respiratory system from infection?
air enters the subcutaneous tissue, often after trauma or injury to the lungs. It appears as swelling or puffiness under the skin, often accompanied by a crackling sensation upon palpation.
What is subcutaneous emphysema?
may be needed to examine the airways for tumors, infections, foreign bodies, or abnormal secretions. It can also be used to take tissue samples or clear blockages.
What is a bronchoscopy?
quiet or absent breath sounds and can be associated with conditions like pleural effusion, pneumothorax, or severe emphysema.
What are diminished breath sounds?
mask mask delivers 60-100% oxygen at high flow rates (10-15 L/min), providing high concentrations of oxygen to patients with severe respiratory distress.
What is a non-rebreather?
affects the chemoreceptor response to changes in blood gases, reducing the sensitivity to CO2 and O2 levels, which can impair the regulation of ventilation.
How does aging impact the regulation of ventilation?
dressings should be sterile, occlusive, and sealed to prevent air from entering. The dressing should be changed regularly and monitored for signs of infection or leakage.
What should you expect with chest tube dressings?
histamine is released, causing inflammation, mucus production, and bronchoconstriction, which can lead to symptoms like wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath.
What are the physiological responses that occur during an allergic reaction in the respiratory tract?
may be indicated by symptoms such as sudden shortness of breath, chest pain, and hypoxia. Diagnostic tests like d-dimer (which is elevated in the presence of clot formation) and ABGs (which may show respiratory alkalosis) and a spiral CT can confirm
What indicates the presence of a pulmonary embolism?
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, severe pneumonia, drug overdose, or any condition that impairs the ability of the lungs to expel CO2.
What conditions can cause respiratory acidosis?
Crackles (rales) and bronchial breath sounds are commonly heard in patients with ______?
What is pneumonia?
insert the suction catheter into the tracheostomy tube while suctioning intermittently.
How do you perform tracheostomy suctioning?
Medea, 71, was traveling to China on a budget flight. At the luggage carousel she suddenly becomes SOB, barely gets out," it hurts to breathe, my chest." She coughs and some bloody sputum lands on her shirt. She starts to wobble like she's going to pass out. What is happening?
What is a PE?
The closed chest drainage system should be kept below the level of the patient's chest to allow gravity drainage and prevent backflow.
Where should the closed chest drainage system be positioned?