Respiratory Cycle
These muscles are involved in regular respiration.
Diaphragm & external intercostal muscles.
This is what causes air to move into & out of the respiratory tract.
Atmospheric pressure
This is what causes a pneumothorax.
Air leaking into the pleural cavity.
High bicarbonate ions in the blood _______ blood pH.
Increases
What happens to intrapleural & intrapulmonary pressure during exhalation?
Both rise rapidly due to the decreasing volume of the thoracic cavity.
Briefly describe Boyle's Law.
Decreasing the volume of a gas causes a rise in pressure & vice versa (inverse relationship). This is the basis of pulmonary ventilation.
What is low compliance?
Less expandability of the lungs, making it harder for them to fill.
Describe the Bohr effect.
When carbon dioxide diffuses into the blood, it drops the blood's pH due to an increase in hydrogen ions. This causes hemoglobin to release more oxygen (think of exercising).
These accessory muscles are involved in forceful inhalation.
Sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis major, serratus anterior, & scalene muscles.
What gases are the most & least soluble in blood plasma?
Carbon dioxide is very soluble, while nitrogen is not soluble. This causes the partial pressure of nitrogen to be higher in plasma, while the total amount of carbon dioxide remains higher than nitrogen.
Name some factors that will decrease compliance of the lungs.
Arthritis, reduced surfactant production
This is how most carbon dioxide is carried in the bloodstream.
As carbonic acid, which is eventually dissociated into hydrogen ions that will attach to hemoglobin & bicarbonate ions that move into the plasma.
The hemoglobin saturation at a partial oxygen pressure of 60mm Hg in the alveoli is ___%.
90%
Briefly describe Dalton's Law.
Each gas in a mixture contributes a certain percentage to the total pressure. For example, the partial pressures of all of the gases in our atmosphere will add up to the total atmospheric pressure.
Briefly describe decompression sickness & what physics law causes it to occur.
Nitrogen gas forms bubbles in the joints, CSF, & blood due to a sudden drop in pressure. This is due to Henry's Law, since pressure cannot keep the nitrogen dissolved in the blood anymore.
This will occur if the partial pressure of carbon dioxide is low.
Bronchoconstriction
40 mm Hg
Briefly describe Henry's Law.
The amount of gas that dissolves in a liquid at a given temperature is proportional to its partial pressure; gas goes into liquid when pressure is high, & it leaves when pressure is low.
A form of COPD that destroys alveoli. It increases compliance, but since the respiratory surface decreases, less oxygen can be absorbed by the individual.
This is caused by hypoventilation.
Hypercapnia