structures
which structure divides the upper and lower respiratory system? (i.e. above is upper, below is lower)
at rest (i.e. no air flow), atmospheric pressure is (greater than / less than / equal to) intra-alveolar pressure
equal to
in what two structures of the brain do we find the involuntary respiratory centers?
medulla, pons
what is the term for low oxygen concentration in the tissues?
hypoxia
what structure covers the glottis when the larynx elevates during swallowing?
epiglottis
which parts of the bronchial tree do not contain cartilage?
bronchioles
what muscles are considered the primary respiratory muscles?
diaphragm, external intercostal muscles
what is the impact of increased interstitial PCO2 on local blood vessels?
results in vasodilation
what is the term for excessive CO2 levels?
hypercapnia
name two factors influencing compliance
amount/distribution of connective tissue in lungs (e.g. elastic fibers), mobility of thoracic cage, amount of surfactant production
name the structures that are included in the respiratory zone
respiratory bronchioles, alveoli (alveolar ducts)
as the primary respiratory muscles contract during inspiration, P-IP becomes more (positive / negative) and alveolar pressure becomes (higher / lower) than atmospheric pressure
negative, lower
decreasing pH results in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve shifting to the _____, producing a (higher / lower) P50
right, higher
transpulmonary pressure describes...
difference in pressure across the pleural membrane (i.e. difference between P-IP and P-IA)
name two things that contribute to the lower PO2 found in alveolar air as compared to atmospheric air
addition of water vapor to the air as it is humidified, mixing with leftover air in dead space
what part of the alveolar wall is fused to the capillary endothelium?
outer basement membrane
during expiration, intrapleural pressure becomes (more negative / less negative / stays the same)
less negative
decreased temperature, increased pH, carbon monoxide binding, low BPG
describe Henry's Law
describe the function and utility of type II pneumocytes
secrete surfactant (mixture of proteins/phospholipids) - helps prevent alveoli from collapsing by breaking up water interactions
what is the name of the region where the trachea branches into the primary bronchi? (also the entry/exit point for pulmonary arteries, veins)
the hilum
smooth muscle of the bronchioles is responsive to what hormone?
epinephrine
a patient has an alveolar ventilation rate of 4900 breaths/minute - what is their respiratory rate?
14 breaths/minute
what is the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of converting CO2 into carbonic acid?
carbonic anhydrase