Anatomy
List the 6 components to the Respiratory System.
Nostrils, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs
What law is being described? The quantity of a gas that will dissolve in a liquid depends upon the amount of gas present and its solubility coefficient.
Henry's Law
Define Eupnea and Apnea.
Eupnea: Normal quiet breathing
Apnea: Temporary cessation of breathing
During exercise, muscles consume a large amount of _______ and produce large amounts of _______. This means that pulmonary ventilation must ____________.
O2, CO2, Increase
What is being described? As the size of a closed container decreases, the pressure inside is increased. The molecules have less wall area to strike so the pressure on each inch of area increases.
Boyle's Law
What are the different types of Bronchi? (+100 points if you can tell what they supply)
- Primary Bronchi: Supplies each lung
- Secondary Bronchi: Supplies each lobe of the lungs
- Tertiary Bronchi: Supplies each bronchopulmonary segment
What is being described? Each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own pressure. The total pressure is the sum of all partial pressures.
Dalton's Law
Define Tachypnea and Dyspnea.
Tachypnea: Rapid breathing
Dyspnea: Difficult or labored breathing
- As acidity increases, _____ affinity for Hb _________.
- What effect does this describe?
O2, Decreases
Bohr Effect
CO2 & Water Vapor
What are the layers of the Trachea? (Hint. 4) (+100 points if you can tell me what they do)
- Mucosa: Captures dust, Contains goblet cells
- Submucosa: Makes mucus secretions, Keeps air moist
- Hyaline Cartilage: Makes up incomplete C-Rings
- Adventitia: Binds trachea to other organs and keeps it in place
Define External Respiration.
Processing of inhaling the air into the lungs and expelling the air that contains more CO2 from the lungs to the outer enviroment
Define Diaphragmatic Breathing & Costal Breathing.
Diaphragmatic Breathing: Descent of diaphragm causes the stomach to bulge during inspiration
Costal Breathing: Just rib activity involved
- What is released as body temperature increases?
- Why does that occur?
More O2 is released due to an increase in metabolic activity and heat
Define Internal Respiration.
A metabolic process during which oxygen is released to tissues & carbon dioxide is absorbed by the blood-- Once inside the cell the oxygen is used for production of energy in the form of ATP
1. What covers the lungs?
2. What lines the ribcage and covers the upper surface of the diaphragm?
3. What is the potential space between the ribs and lungs?
1. Visceral Pleura
2. Parietal Pleura
3. Pleural Cavity
Surfactant is produced by ...
Type 2 Alveolar Cells
What is the difference between Cellular Respiration and Breathing? (Define each)
Cellular Respiration: Exchange of oxygen & carbon dioxide between a cell and its environment
Breathing: Exchange of oxygen & carbon dioxide between blood and the outside air
1. Dissolved in plasma
2. Combined with the globin part of Hb molecule forming carbaminohemoglobin
3. As part of a bicarbonate ion
Define Surface Tension.
A thin layer of fluid in alveoli that causes inwardly directed force
1. What constricts during an asthma attack or allergic reaction?
2. Lobes deeper in the lungs are composed of more _________ _________.
1. Distal Bronchiole Smooth Muscle
2. Connective Tissue
1. What are some factors that increase breathing rate?
2. What are some factors that can cause apnea?
1. Emotional Anxiety, Temperature Increase, Drop in blood pressure
2. Sudden plunge into cold water, Sudden pain, Irritation of airway
Define the following: Tidal Volume, MVR, Reserve Volume, Residual Volume.
Tidal Volume: Amount of air moved during quiet breathing
MVR: Minute ventilation is the amount of air moved in a minute
Reserve Volume: Amount you can breathe either in or out above that amount of tidal volume
Residual Volume: 1200 mL permently trapped air in system
Describe the 3 diseases that were talked about during class.
- Roaring: (In horses), Injury to the laryngeal nerve causing paralysis of laryngeal muscles; Horses cannot expand glottis and has difficulty bringing air into the lungs
- Heaves: Smooth muscles within the airway constrict during the allergic reaction; Causing increased airway resistance and needs more forceful muscle contraction to ventilate
-Brisket Disease: In cattle exposed to high altitude; Edema (excess fluid) collects in pendulous brisket and can cause righ heart failure and pulmonary hypertension (increased pressure in blood vessel going to lungs)
What happens during high altitudes? (Heart and Lungs)
- Increase in vascular resistance through both lungs
- Pulmonary Hypertension and the right side of the heart must work faster
- Right heart failure