Respiratory Basics
Commonly called the windpipe, this structure is strengthened by rings of cartilage.
trachea
A. Give 2 functions of the paranasal sinuses. B. What four bones are the sinuses within.
A1. produce mucus, 2. lighten skull, 3. produce resonance to speech
B. frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, maxillae
A. The ______ are the tiny "balloon-like" sacs that allow for the exchange of gases. B. _____ in the blood is exchanged for ______ in the sacs.
A. Alveoli, B. carbon dioxide (blood) for oxygen (sacs)
What system allows for relaxation and dilation of the bronchial branching? (be specific)
ANS sympathetic division
What is the function of the root or hilus?
Entrance/exit of vessels, nerves, bronchi, lymphatics
Define Respiration
The exchange of gases between an organism, its blood, and the environment.
List 2 functions of the pharynx, and give the 3 anatomical regions.
1. passageway (air/food), 2. houses tonsils, 3. resonating chamber
nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
The _____ is an internal ridge at the end of the trachea, that is highly sensitive, triggering a cough reflex.
Carina
What are dust cells? Where are they located, and what is their function?
Macrophages, located within the lungs they surround and protect what diffuses through the alveoli from foreign things and debris
A. How many lobes do each lung have? B. Name the fissures & lobes they are between.
A. right lung = 3 lobes, left lung = 2 lobes
B. Right lung = horizontal fissure is between the upper (superior) lobe & the middle lobe... the oblique fissure is between the middle lobe and the inferior (lower) lobe. Left lung only has the oblique fissure between the superior (upper) lobe and inferior (lower) lobe
This is a "flap" that covers the windpipe and helps keep food and water from entering the lungs.
Epiglottis
A. Identify the sticky coating secreted by cells along your respiratory tract, and the "hair-like" projections. B. What is the function of each?
A. mucous, cilia
B. mucous=entrap particles, cilia=moves mucous toward the throat (pharynx)
A. This layer adheres to the walls of the thoracic cavity. B. ______ is produced, allowing for _______.
A. parietal pleura
B. serous fluid, reducing friction & produce surface tension
A. Name the 4-processes of respiration. B. Explain/define two of the processes.
A. 1. Pulmonary ventilation, 2. External respiration, 3. Transport, 4. Internal respiration
B. Pulmonary vent. is moving air into and out of the lungs, external resp. is gas exchange between the lung alveoli and blood capillaries of lungs, transport is movement of gases between the lungs and body tissues/structures, internal resp. gas exchange between systemic vessels and tissues/organs
A. What areas or area within the lungs have cartilage? B. Where does the transition from cartilage to muscle occur?
A. conducting airways within the lungs have cartilage B. terminal bronchials transition from cartilage to smooth muscle
A. Most important muscle of respiratory inhalation. B. Next most important muscles in aiding the muscle mentioned above.
A. Diaphragm
B. External Intercostals
Give 5 functions of the nose.
1. Air enters for respiration, 2. moisten/warms/humidifies, 3. filters and cleans air of foreign material, 4. housing for olfactory receptors, 5. aids in preventing dehydration
A. Name in order the bronchial branching of the tree. B. Is the tree branching conducting or respiratory?
A. Primary bronchi, secondary (lobar) bronchi, tertiary (segmental) bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles
B. conducting
A. Where are the respiratory centers located? B. What is a function for each?
A. medulla oblongata & pons
B. Medulla=establishes respiratory rhythm, self-exciting inspiratory centers & inspiration interrupting expiratory centers... pons=allow for a smoother basic respiratory rhythm, prevent over-inflation of lungs (from stretch receptor signaling)
What type of airflow do conducting airways have?
turbulent/transitional
A. Identify the structures of the upper respiratory system. (hint: two) B. Identify the structures of the lower respiratory system. (Hint: 4)
A. nose & throat (pharynx)
B. Larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
A. The short passageway connecting the laryngopharynx and trachea is called ______? B. The _____ are folds that don't make sound but allow us to ______. C. The _____ are folds that allow us to make sound when breathing in what direction?
A. Larynx, B. Ventricular (false) folds, hold our breath against thoracic pressure, C. True vocal folds, when breathing out
A. What is type I epithelium, a function and where are they located? B. What is type II epithelium, function and where are they located?
A. Type I = squamous epithelium, lining the surface of alveoli, allow for diffusion of gases
B. Type II = squamous epithelium, in lining of alveoli, secrete surfactant to prevent alveoli from collapsing
A. Give two ways in which carbon dioxide is transported within the body. B. How is the majority transported?
A1. as dissolved carbon dioxide, 2. as amino acid compounds (carbamino compounds), 3. as bicarbonate ions (HCO3)
B. bicarbonate ions
A. How are we able to identify the respiratory zone? B. Name all the areas of the respiratory zone.
A. the appearance of out pockets or sacs (alveoli)
B. Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs & alveolus