Multiple choice
Which structure is the main site of gas exchange in the lungs?
a) Bronchi
b) Alveoli
c) Trachea
d) Pleura
b) Alveoli
The trachea is lined with cilia that help trap and remove particles from the air.
True – Cilia and mucus trap dust/pathogens and move them upward.
Name two functions of the respiratory system besides gas exchange.
Helps regulate blood pH by controlling CO₂ levels.
Produces sound (voice) through the larynx.
Provides sense of smell (olfaction).
Garat, gége, légcső. Please provide synonyms.
Pharynx
larynx/voicebox
trachea/windpipe
The diaphragm contracts during:
a) Exhalation
b) Inhalation
c) Both inhalation and exhalation
d) Neither
b) Inhalation
Pneumonia always results from a viral infection.
False – Pneumonia can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or aspiration.
Explain how emphysema affects lung function over time.
Damages alveolar walls, reducing surface area for gas exchange.
Alveoli lose elasticity, making exhalation difficult.
Leads to air trapping and progressive shortness of breath.
Asthma risk factors.
asthma symptoms can be triggered by inhaled allergens (allergy triggers), such as pet dander, dust mites, cockcroach allergens, molds, or pollens.
Asthma symptoms can also be triggered by respiratory infections, exercise, cold air, tobacco smoke and other pollutants, stress, food, or drug allergies.
Aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDS) provoke asthma in some patients.
Which of the following is NOT part of the upper respiratory tract?
a) Nasal cavity
b) Pharynx
c) Larynx
d) Bronchioles
d) Bronchioles
Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood, while carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the alveoli.
True – Diffusion follows concentration gradients across the alveolar membrane.
What is the role of the epiglottis during breathing and swallowing?
During breathing: remains open to allow air into the trachea.
During swallowing: covers the trachea to prevent food/liquid from entering the airway.
How do you diagnose pneumonia
Chest x-ray
blood test cbc
pulse oxymeter
Asthma is primarily caused by:
a) Fluid buildup in the alveoli
b) Chronic inflammation and narrowing of the airways
c) Loss of elasticity in the alveoli
d) Bacterial infection
b) Chronic inflammation and narrowing of the airways
In asthma, symptoms can include wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness.
True – These are hallmark asthma symptoms.
Describe one way pneumonia interferes with gas exchange in the lungs.
Causes fluid, pus, or mucus buildup in alveoli.
Reduces available surface area for oxygen–carbon dioxide exchange.
Leads to lower oxygen levels in the blood.
Hártyák!!! Mellhártya helyileg, valamint a két hártya típus.
Visceral pleura
parietal pleura
mucous membrane
serous membrane
The treatment of emphysema.
Smoking cessation is the most important and effective treatment
Medications used to improve breathing include bronchodilators (hand-held inhaler or nebulizer), diuretics, and corticosteroids.
Antibiotics may be prescribed when respiratory infections occur
Influenza(flu) vaccines and Pneumovax (pneumonia vaccine) vaccines
Low-flow oxygen can be used during exertion, continuously, or at night.
Pulmonary rehabilitation
Lung transplantation