differentiate between
respiration: gas exchange
ventilation: air moving in and out
what are the 3 parts of the pharynx
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
what angle does the right primary bronchus branch off the trachea? what about the left?
right: pretty much in line with trachea
left: 90 degrees
what is orthopnea
shortness of breath caused by lying down
does anemia cause a right shift or left shift
right shift
differentiate between the visceral and parietal pleura
visceral: lines the lungs
parietal: lines the chest wall
where is the divide between the upper and lower repiratory tracts
the larynx
what is the length and diameter of the trachea
length: 13cm
diameter: 2.5cm
what are the following lung volumes: tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, residual volume
tidal volume: normal in and out
inspiratory reserve volume: max in after TV
expiratory reserve volume: max out after TV
residual volume: whatever is left after max ERV
what happens in the plateau region of the curve?
differentiate between resistance and compliance
resistance: how hard it is for air to move from atmosphere to alveoli (how hard it is to squeeze the bag)
compliance: how easy it is for the chest to expand
which intercostal muscles are used on exhalation? inhalation?
exhalation: internal intercostal muscles
inhalation: external intercostal muscles
where are the parietal and visceral pleura continuous
the hilum
describe shunting
V/Q mismatch
blood is redirected in order to try and regain hemostasis
what is happening in the steep region of the curve?
more O2 is in the tissues.
One O2 binds, changing the conformation of Hb, and making it easier for the following 3 O2 to bind.
differentiate between internal and external respiration
internal: gas exchange between capillaries and systemic cells
external: gas exchange between alveoli and capillaries
what is the region called where the trachea branches off into the right and left primary bronchi
the carina
at what part of the lungs are ventilation and perfusion equal
the middle
describe these abnormal breathing patterns: cheyne-stokes, kussmal's, biot's
cheyne-stokes: breathing gets progressively deeper, then shallower, followed by a period of apnea
kussmal's: deep laboured breathing associated with metabolic acidosis
biot's: quick, shallow inspirations followed by period of apnea
what happens to pH, temperature, ETCO2, and enzyme 2,3-DPG with a left shift? is oxygen affinity higher or lower?
pH: increases
temperature: decreases
ETCO2: decreases
enzyme 2,3-DPG: decreases
O2 affinity increases
differentiate between type I and type II alveoli
type I alveoli: most abundant, gas exchange
type II alveoli: makes surfactant
there are the 2 types of vocal cords? where are they located? what are their functions?
The larynx is superior to the trachea and inferior to the epiglottis
vestibular folds (false cords): more superior, protective function
vocal folds: more inferior, produce sound
what are the 2 medullary respiratory centers in the brain? what do they control?
pneumotaxic center: resp rate (located in upper pons)
apneustic center: resp depth (located in lower pons)
what is atelectasis
alveoli collapse
what happens to pH, temperature, ETCO2, and enzyme 2,3-DPG with a right shift? is oxygen affinity higher or lower?
pH: decreases
temperature: increases
ETCO2: increases
enzyme 2,3-DPG: increases
O2 affinity decreases