Anatomy
Which structure serves as the primary anatomical dividing line between the upper and lower respiratory tracts?
A. Trachea
B. Pharynx
C. Epiglottis
D. Larynx
D. Larynx
What are the tiny air sacs that represent the end-point of the respiratory tract and the site of gas exchange?
A. Capillaries
B. Bronchioles
C. Alveoli
D. Conchae
C. Alveoli
Inflammation of the nasal mucosa is called:
A. Sinitus
B. Rhinitis
C. Influenza
D. Laryngitis
B. Rhinitis
What is the specific term for the pressure of a single gas within a mixture of gases?
A. Atmospheric Pressure
B. Total Pressure
C. Intrapleural Pressure
D. Partial Pressure
D. Partial Pressure
What is intrapulmonary pressure?
A. The pressure exerted by the chest wall during expansion.
B. The pressure of the air inside the lung alveoli.
C. The difference between atmospheric pressure and intrapleural pressure.
D. The pressure within the pleural cavity.
B. The pressure of the air inside the lung alveoli.
What type of tissue lines the majority of the conducting zone to help trap debris and move it toward the pharynx?
A. Simple squamous epithelium
B. Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
C. Simple cuboidal epithelium
D. Stratified squamous epithelium
B. Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
What is the primary function of the nasal conchae (turbinates)?
A. To house the olfactory receptors for smell
B. To increase air turbulence to warm and humidify air
C. To provide a resonance chamber for speech
D. To prevent food from entering the nasopharynx
B. To increase air turbulence to warm and humidify air
If a patient has a puncture wound in the chest wall that allows air to enter the pleural cavity, which pressure relationship is disrupted?
A. Intrapleural pressure becomes equal to atmospheric pressure.
B. The partial pressure of nitrogen increases while oxygen decreases.
C. Intrapulmonary pressure becomes permanently lower than atmospheric pressure.
D. Atmospheric pressure increases to compensate for the leak.
A. Intrapleural pressure becomes equal to atmospheric pressure.
Which of the following describes 'External Respiration'?
A. Gas exchange between the blood and the tissue cells
B. Gas exchange between the atmosphere and the nasal cavity
C. The use of oxygen within the mitochondria to produce ATP
D. Gas exchange between the alveoli and the pulmonary capillaries
D. Gas exchange between the alveoli and the pulmonary capillaries
Which of the following best defines intrapleural pressure?
A. The pressure exerted by the heart against the lungs.
B. The pressure within the pleural cavity between the visceral and parietal pleurae.
C. The pressure within the alveoli of the lungs.
D. The pressure of the air outside the body.
B. The pressure within the pleural cavity between the visceral and parietal pleurae.
How many lobes are typically found in the right lung compared to the left lung?
A. Three in the right, three in the left
B. Three in the right, two in the left
C. Two in the right, two in the left
D. Two in the right, three in the left
B. Three in the right, two in the left
What is the role of surfactant produced by Type II alveolar cells?
A. To decrease surface tension and prevent alveolar collapse
B. To phagocytize dust particles and pathogens
C. To transport oxygen across the respiratory membrane
D. To increase the surface tension of alveolar fluid
A. To decrease surface tension and prevent alveolar collapse
Inflammation of the vocal folds that causes the vocal folds to swell, interfering with vibrations.
A. Laryngitis
B. Pleurisy
C. Pleural effusion
D. Atelectasis
A. Laryngitis
Which volume represents the amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal tidal expiration?
A. Residual Volume
B. Vital Capacity
C. Inspiratory Reserve Volume
D. Expiratory Reserve Volume
D. Expiratory Reserve Volume
During inspiration, how does intrapulmonary pressure change relative to atmospheric pressure?
A. It becomes higher than atmospheric pressure.
B. It becomes lower than atmospheric pressure.
C. It drops to zero absolute pressure.
D. It stays exactly equal to atmospheric pressure.
B. It becomes lower than atmospheric pressure.
The 'Adam's Apple' is a prominent ridge on which specific laryngeal cartilage?
A. Epiglottic cartilage
B. Cricoid cartilage
C. Thyroid cartilage
D. Arytenoid cartilage
C. Thyroid cartilage
During external respiration, gases are exchanged between which two structures?
A. Alveoli and pulmonary capillaries
B. Trachea and bronchi
C. Atmosphere and the nose
D. Blood and tissue cells
A. Alveoli and pulmonary capillaries
A patient is hyperventilating due to anxiety. How will this affect their blood PCO2 and pH levels?
A. No change, as the kidneys will immediately compensate.
B. Increased PCO2 and increased pH.
C. Increased PCO2 and decreased pH (acidosis).
D. Decreased PCO2 and increased pH (alkalosis).
D. Decreased PCO2 and increased pH (alkalosis).
What is the medical term for 'difficult or labored breathing'?
A. Apnea
B. Dyspnea
C. Tachypnea
D. Eupnea
B. Dyspnea
What primary factor contributes to the 'negative' nature of intrapleural pressure?
A. High surface tension within the alveoli pushing outward.
B. The active pumping of air out of the pleural space.
C. The weight of the diaphragm pulling downward at all times.
D. The natural tendency of the lungs to recoil and the chest wall to expand.
D. The natural tendency of the lungs to recoil and the chest wall to expand.
Which structural feature of the trachea prevents it from collapsing while still allowing the esophagus to expand during swallowing?
A. The pleural membrane
B. C-shaped cartilage rings
C. Complete circular rings of bone
D. Smooth muscle fibers only
B. C-shaped cartilage rings
According to Boyle's Law, what must happen to the volume of the thoracic cavity in order for inhalation to occur?
A. The volume must remain constant while pressure increases.
B. The volume must increase to increase the partial pressure of oxygen.
C. The volume must increase to decrease intrapulmonary pressure.
D. The volume must decrease to increase intrapulmonary pressure.
C. The volume must increase to decrease intrapulmonary pressure.
Which of the following is a common cause of Atelectasis (lung collapse)?
A. Pneumothorax
B. Common Cold (Rhinitis)
C. Hyperventilation
D. High altitude
A. Pneumothorax
What is the term for a condition where there is an inadequate amount of oxygen delivered to the body's tissues?
A. Cyanosis
B. Hypercapnia
C. Hypoxia
D. Anemia
C. Hypoxia
Which of the following best defines tidal volume (VT)?
A. The sum of all lung volumes including residual volume.
B. The volume of air moved into or out of the lungs during a single quiet breath.
C. The total volume of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration.
D. The maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal inspiration.
B. The volume of air moved into or out of the lungs during a single quiet breath.
What is the name of the double-layered serous membrane that encloses and protects each lung?
A. Pericardium
B. Pleura
C. Mediastinum
D. Peritoneum
B. Pleura
Which structure is the last part of the conducting zone, where no gas exchange yet occurs?
A. Alveolar ducts
B. Respiratory bronchioles
C. Terminal bronchioles
D. Secondary bronchi
C. Terminal bronchioles
Which condition is characterized by an infectious inflammation of the lungs where the alveoli fill with fluid, fibrin, and white blood cells?
A. Cystic Fibrosis
B. Laryngitis
C. Lung Cancer
D. Pneumonia
D. Pneumonia
Which term describes the movement of air into and out of the lungs?
A. Pulmonary Ventilation
B. Internal Respiration
C. Cellular Respiration
D. External Respiration
A. Pulmonary Ventilation
Inspiratory Capacity (IC) is calculated by adding which two volumes?
A. Inspiratory Reserve Volume + Expiratory Reserve Volume
B. Vital Capacity + Residual Volume
C. Tidal Volume + Inspiratory Reserve Volume
D. Tidal Volume + Expiratory Reserve Volume
C. Tidal Volume + Inspiratory Reserve Volume
Which part of the pharynx serves ONLY as an air passage and is lined with respiratory mucosa?
A. Esophagus
B. Nasopharynx
C. Laryngopharynx
D. Oropharynx
B. Nasopharynx
What happens to the amount of smooth muscle and cartilage as the conducting tubes of the lungs become smaller?
A. Both cartilage and smooth muscle increase
B. Cartilage decreases and smooth muscle increases
C. Both cartilage and smooth muscle decrease
D. Cartilage increases and smooth muscle decreases
B. Cartilage decreases and smooth muscle increases
Which of the following terms refers to lung collapse?
A. Atelestasis
B. Hyperventilation
C. Hypocapnia
D. Apnea
A. Atelestasis
What is the name of the leaf-shaped flap of cartilage that prevents food from entering the respiratory tract?
A. Thyroid cartilage
B. Uvula
C. Epiglottis
D. Glottis
C. Epiglottis
If a patient has a Vital Capacity of 4,000 mL and a Residual Volume of 1,100 mL, what is their Total Lung Capacity?
A. 3,000 mL
B. 2,900 mL
C. 5,100 mL
D. 4,000 mL
C. 5,100 mL